Imbali yemvelaphi yesitayela
Imvelaphi ye-Biedermeier yavela kwikhilomitha elineshumi elinesixhenxe eliseJamani, kwaye la negama linikezelwa ngokuhlonipha imbongi eyaziwayo uLudwig Aikhrodt, owayegqoke i-gottlieb Biedermeier. Wayenomntu oyithakazelisayo-uthisha wesikolo avela kumaphondo, owahlukileyo kwintetho yakhe yephilistine kunye neminqweno yephilistine kwaye wayeliseke ngokupheleleyo ngobomi bakhe. Olu hlobo lugxininise ngokwabo e-Austria naseJamani, bobabini kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla kunye nobugcisa. Ubunzima bokuphazamiseka bubungqina bokuba eYurophu kwaye nanamhlanje kungowesiko seByedermeier kunye nohlobo oluthile, kucatshangelwa ukuba isitayela senzelwe abantu abaneemfuno eziphantsi zobugcisa kunye neendlela eziphantsi kweendlela.
E-Russia Biedermeier yabonakala ngexesha lePushkin. Yaye nangona ifilosofi yefilosofi yalesi simboli yayingazange ihambelane nomoya wexesha, eRussia isicatshulwa seBeedermeier sibonakaliswe ngaphakathi kwezindlu zeendwendwe, abanikazi bezindlu kunye nezindlu zokumkani.
I-Biedermeier yatshintsha isitayela se-pathos kwaye yaqala ukubonga ngenxa yokuthuthuzela ekhaya, ukubonelela ekhaya kunye nokuthuthuzela.
Ukuthetha ngokukhawuleza, le ndlela isabonakala ngenxa yokukhangela iinyaniso zobomi ezilula kunye nokuziphatha, ukuthula nokuthula. Kwaye kwixesha elizayo, le ndlela ityhile umzekelo wendlela yokungabi namali, ungaphinda uhlaziywe ngaphakathi, okwenene ngaphakathi.
Indlela yokuhlaziya yesimo samhla
Ngokuqhelekileyo ezininzi zeendawo ezihlala kwilizwe lethu zinemihlaba emincinci, kodwa zonke ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zesitayela seBeedermeier. Ngako oko, le ndlela isithandwa kakhulu namhlanje, kodwa kuphela eYurophu. Elizweni lethu, alwamkelekanga kwaye aqondwa okwangoku, ukunyanga ngohlobo oluthile lokudibanisa, elibiza ngokuba ngumdlalo waseJamani okanye obuncinane-bourgeois.
Nangona kunjalo, akufanele sicinge ukuba isitayela seBiedermeier asibonakalisi naluphi na uluhlu lwezobugcisa. I-Biedermeier ayibandakanyi nje ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nokuthozama, kodwa nokuzinza, okufuneka abaninzi banokubamba. I-Biedermeier ayinaso sonke isisindo esingenasiphelo sefilythi, esingenaso isakhiwo sobugcisa, abaculi banamhlanje kunye nabaqulunqi basebenzise kakuhle. Kule ndlela, yenza indawo yokuhlala - izindlu, izindlu, iihotele, iivenkile kunye neevenkile. Ukongezelela ukuthozama, isitayela sizisa uxanduva kunoma yisiphi isilungiselelo kwaye ikuvumela ukuba wenze igumbi elihle kwaye livule.
Indawo yesitayela
I-Biedermeier yindlela yesidemokhrasi engayifaki nayiphi na imfuno ngokukhululeka kwamagumbi, ukuma kweengcango kunye neefestile kunye nokuphakama kwempahla. I-Interiorors eyenziwe kwisitimu seBeedermeier ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngokunethezeka. Ziba zicocekile, zilaconi kwaye zithandana, zidibanisa amanani alinganayo, amathoni angapheliyo kunye neefom ezithambileyo. Ubuninzi obulula, ubuncinane bokubhena, ukukhanya okukhazimulayo kunye nendawo - konke oku kunceda ukudala isimo sengqondo sokuthula kunye nokuchuma kwezinto eziphathekayo.
Isisombululo esingaphakathi kwisistim se-Biedermeier zilandelayo:
- Sebenzisa imibala efudumele ebomvu (ophuzi, obuluhlaza);
- Ukugqiba ukwenza nayiphi na imibala, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo i-monophonic;
- Kwiindonga udwebe iphethini elula okanye umgca omncinci;
- Gxininisa kwipenitshala kunye nezinto ezikhanyayo;
- Iipansi zenziwe ngamatye kwaye ziqweqwe ngamaphephethi.
Isitayela sefenitshala
Iifenitshala zale ndlela zifanele zifezekise ngokucacileyo iimfuno zazo kwaye zisebenze, zenzeke kwaye zithuthuzele. Emva kokuvela kunye nokusabalaliswa kweBikeederier, yonke ifenitshala yahluke ngohlobo olungenakulinganiswa lokuchwela, okungeke kuthiwa ngefenitshala yanamhlanje. I-plywood enekhono, ngoku i-veneer, igxininise ubuhle bombala womthi kunye nokubunjwa kwayo.
Ekuqaleni kwexesha le-Biedermeier abaqeshisi bexesha, iikhabhinethi kunye nezitya zokuhlambela zazingezona zifunwa yiyo yonke ifenitshala. Bahluke kwiimizila ezigqithisileyo, ukungabi nendawo yokuzibhena kunye nokulula kokufom. Ngexesha eliqhelekileyo laliyifenitshala enemisebenzi emininzi. Kula macwecwe kunye neendwangu zokubumba, iitafile ezityhilayo, izitulo zokunyathela zazivakalayo. Ukudumala okhethekileyo kwafunyanwa ngelo xesha ngokusondeza i-sofas, kunye nokubonakalisa iiglasi zaba izinto eziphathekayo zingaphakathi.
Ifenitshala yehlabathi lanamhlanje ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nesitayela se-Biedermeier, kuba i-motto yayo eyona nto iyenzeka. Ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezinjalo zefenitshala akunakwenzeka.Iyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuhlanganiswa kwezitayela. Ukudibanisa iifenitshala zefenitshala enokuthi kubangelwa ukufaneleka, njengoko ihambelana nayo yonke imfuno yeemfuno ze-aesthetics kwaye idala induduzo ethile. Sinokuthi zonke iifenitshala ezenziwe ngexesha lethu, le ifenitshala yefayili yeBiedermeier.
Iinkcukacha zoBume
Ukongezelela ekugqibeleni okungafaniyo kunye nefenitshala ephathekayo, isitayela se-Biedermeier sinomnye umgca ohlukile-izinto ezimbalwa zokuhlobisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zilula zaneleyo zamanzi, izikhumbuzo kunye neemifanekiso ezihlukahlukeneyo. Ngokuba isitayela seBeedermeier sibonakaliswe ngobuninzi beefoto ezifakwe kwiindonga kwaye zifake kwiifubs okanye iishalafu kwiifom ezizodwa.
Iindwangu zeVelvet kwiifestile, inamba enkulu yeentyantyambo kwi-sill, iziqhumane ezinkulu zomlilo - zonke ezi ziyingxenye ebalulekileyo yezinto zangaphakathi, ezenziwe ngeBeedermeier. Ngendlela, kuya kubakho ukukhumbula ukuba ixesha le-Biedermeier likwazi ukusinika izinto ezikhethekileyo kwizityalo zangaphakathi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-jardinierkami ngenye indlela. Nangona kunjalo, i-Biedermeier iyachasene naluphi na ukugqithisa ekuhlobiseni ingaphakathi.