Siyabonga oomachibi
Ngenkulungwane ye-XX yenkulungwane, ukusa kwindoda nganye yomfazi (okanye ukupheka) kwaqala ngephulo lokuthengisa iimveliso ezintsha. Kwakudingeka zilungele kwaye zidliwe ngokukhawuleza ngomhla omnye, ngokufanelekileyo, kwimeko embi - ngomso. Enyanisweni, kwakukho iinqwelo zeqhwa kunye nezixhobo zokugcina.
Xa abantu baqikelele ukuba ubusika lunceda ukugcina ukutya okutsha, akukho mntu uyaziyo. Ngokusobala, ekuqaleni, ama-groves apholileyo asetyenziselwa endaweni yeendawo zokugcina, kunye nasezindaweni ezibandayo - iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zeqhwa. KwiTshayina yakudala, eGrisi naseRoma, abantu baqikelele ukumba imingxuma baze bafaka iqhwa ezintabeni. Kakade ke, ezo ziqhwala zazisemakhaya kuphela. E-Indiya, endaweni yeqhwa, kwindlela yokukhuphuka kwamanzi isetyenzisiwe: iinqanawa zazihlanganiswe ngendwangu ebomvu, umswakama wanyuka waphazamisa iziqulatho. Ngendlela, ngomgaqo wokukhuphuka (kuphela, kungekhona amanzi, kodwa omnye umbane, umzekelo, i-ether okanye i-freon), isixhobo sefriji yanamhlanje isekelwe.
Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, ukusetyenziswa kweqhwa kwalilibalekile, kodwa i-alchemy yaqala ukuphuhliswa, into eyenziwa yimveliso ekhoyo. Ngokukodwa, kwaqatshelwa ukuba i-nitrate (i-potassium nitrate, "ityhuna yaseTshayina", engeniswe ngama-Arabhu ukuya eYurophu malunga ne-1200 kwaye ngokukhawuleza yaba yintandokazi yamachiza-khemikhali) ichithwa emanzini kwaye ibambe ukushisa, oko kukuthi, amanzi aphephe ngokukhawuleza. Le nto isetyenzisiweyo kude kube lula - kwiikiti zokuncedisa izibonelelo zokuqala eziqhelekileyo zihlala zifakwe ipakethe ebhalwe uphawu egcwele amanzi, apho i-ampoule ne-nitmonium nitrate iyahamba. Kwanele ukubetha emadolweni ngepakethi kwaye uphule i-ampoule, ukuze ipakethe ipholile ngama-degrees ama-15. Ingasetyenziswa kwiimvimbo okanye amanxeba endaweni yeqhwa.
Kwiminyaka yeshumi elinesithathu, ngoncedo lwe-saltpetre, iziphuzo zazikhuhliwe kwaye iziqhamo zeqhwa zenziwa (okufana nayo yonke into emitsha, yayikukhunjulwa nje umntu osemdala okhohliweyo-eRoma yaseRoma yakudala, ama-patricians adla ijusi yesithelo esiqingqiweyo). Ngo-1748, uWilliam Cullen, uprofesa wezobisi eYunivesithi yaseGlasgow, waqulunqa iteknoloji yokupholisa ukujikeleza kwe-cyclic esebenzisa i-ether: kwelinye igumbi kwakususwa igumbi apho i-ether yayibilisa kwaye ikhuphuke, ikhiphe ikamelo, kwaye umphunga wangena kwelinye igumbi apho baxolela khona indawo, kwaye ukusuka apho kwakhona kwafika kwigumbi lokuqala. Kuye waba ngumjikelo ovaliweyo - kulo mgaqo ofanayo kusekwe ngoku umsebenzi weliphi ifriji.
Kodwa obani iqhwa?
Indlu yefriji yokuqala, okanye ifriji, yavela eUnited States ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaye yayingenakuthobeka. UThomas Moore, unjiniyela kunye nomthengisi webhotela wexesha elilodwa, weza ngeendlela zokuthutha ioli ukusuka eMaryland ukuya eWashington - kwiibhokisi ezinokudonga ezintathu: i-steel sheets, iigubhu zamagqabi kunye nomthi. Ngaphakathi kukho amaqumrhu amabini: ioli kunye neqhwa. UMorell unelungelo lobunikazi obunelungelo lokuvelisa, laza labizwa ngokuba negama, kwaye phakathi kwekhulu le-19, i-"refrigerators" ehlanjululwe ngokukodwa (esikhundleni semigqomo yamanqamu - i-sawdust, iphepha, isikhombe) yabonakala kwiifama zaseMerika naseYurophu. Kungekudala, eUnited States, kwakungekho nkunkuma enkulu ekhohlo engayi kuvunwa ebusika. Ehlotyeni, abathengisi beqhwa babeyigcina kwiindawo zokuhlala ezizodwa, kunye nabathengisi beqhwa babethengisa ii-icemen. Ukuveliswa kweqhwa kwanda ngokukhawuleza, inxalenye enkulu elawulwa ngabangeneleli baseRashiya baseAlaska. Kwiminyaka emithathu kule marike le nkampani yaseRashiya-yaseMelika izuze ngaphezu kwegolide, ngokuveliswa kwayo eyasungulwa.
Ngowe-1844, udokotela waseMerika uJohn Gori wadala ukufakela ngokusekelwe ekufumaneni kweCullen kwaye wasebenza emoyeni. Uvelise icebo yokuzibhedlele kwisibhedlele eFlorida, kwaye ngaphezu koko, wayesebenzisa umoya obandayo emagumbini-eqinisweni, kwakuyi-air conditioner yokuqala. Ngelixa elifanayo, isifo se-typhus sagqitywa e-US naseYurophu, esichukunyiswa kukusetyenziswa kweqhwa emanzini angcolileyo. Ngaloo xesha, imboni yayiyidakile imilambo, kangangokuthi umbuzo wokuhlanzeka kweqhwa waba yi-topical. Bobabini kwiNew ne-Old World, omnye umvelisi emva komnye wadala amanqaku angaphantsi okanye angaphumelelanga oomatshini bokuxinzezela abavelisa icebo. Njengamafriji, basebenzisa i-ether, i-ammonia okanye i-anhydride yesulfure. Unokucinga ukuba yintoni isandi esasasazeka ngeenxa zombane. Nangona kunjalo, oomatshini obukrakra abonakaliswe kakuhle kwishishini lokufuya nakwiifektri zokuveliswa kweqhwa. Kwaye ukhetha ukuthini iifriji zendlu - isigqibo somntu ngamnye ngokuhlukileyo.
Freon noGreenpeace
Ngo-1910, uGenerali uMkhulu wakhupha i-unit yokuqala yefriji yefriji ye-friji-into yokufakelwa kwemishini kwiibhokisi zeqhokri, ezivelisa iqhwa. Ixabisa i-$ 1,000, ebiza kabini njenge-Ford imoto. I-motor in console yayinkulu kakhulu kangangokuthi yayivame ukufumaneka kwindawo esezantsi kwaye ixhunywe kwi-"bhokisi yebhokisi" inkqubo yokuqhuba. Kuphela ngowe-1927 abaqulunqi be-General Electric, abaholwa ngu-Danish engineer, uChristian Steenstrup, benza i-friji yangempela, zonke iindawo ezinokungena kwikhabhinethi encinci, kwaye zanikezela nge-thermoregulator, esetyenzisiweyo kunye nokuguqulwa okuncinci kude kube ngoku. Kungekudala umatshini waseMelika uTomas Mead-gley wacebisa ukubeka i-ammonia ngegesi esanda kuhlanganiswa kunye neFranon, eyathatha ukushisa okukhulu ngexesha lokufudumala kwaye yayingenakubungozi kubantu. Ngethuba leFranon, uMead-glay wabonisa le ndlela ngendlela ephawulekayo: wabethelela umphunga kaFranon waza wakhupha ikhandlela elivuthayo. Akukho mntu wayesazi ukuba i-freon ibhubhisa umgca we-ozone womhlaba kude kube sekuqaleni kwee-1970, xa i-Greenpeace ibonisa imiboniso yamaninzi kwaye, ekugqibeleni, abavelisi banyanzelekile ukuba bayeke i-freon ngenxa yegesi ezikhuselekileyo.
Ngomnyaka we-1933 eUnited States, malunga nama-6 wezigidi zendlukazi bazidla ngokuzidla ekhaya "ifriji" yeGeneral Motors. ENgilani kwakukho iifriji eziyi-100 kuphela, eJamani - amawaka angama-30, kwi-USSR enye eyayingayifunda malunga neengcinga ezinjalo kuphela kule ncwadi ("Wabonisa ikhabhinethi yombane yefriji eyayingayifuni kuphela i-ice, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo, yayilungiselele ngendlela efanelekileyo ii-cubes ezingenanto kwindawo yokuhlambela emhlophe, efana nefoto: kwikhompi kwakukho amacandelo okutya, ubisi, intlanzi, amaqanda neziqhamo. "U-Ilf noPetrov," Omnye waseMerika ", ngo-1937).
Enyanisweni, kwiSoviet Union, nayo, yasebenzela ukudala izixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukuququzelela ubomi babasebenzi. Ukususela ngo-1933, isityalo seMoshim-trust savelisa iifriji ezifunekayo ukuba zizaliswe ngeqhwa elomileyo. Zixabisa kakhulu, zihlala ziqhekeza, ngoko i-People's Commissar yeShishini loKutya u-Anastas Mikoyan ulungelelanise rhoqo abaqulunqi beemfuno. Indawo yodwa apho iiyunithi zefriji eziqhutyelwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwindlunkulu yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Cocktail Hall" kwiGorky Street, kukho ice cream ekwenzeni izixhobo zaseMelika.
Ngo-1939, kwakunokwenzeka ukuthenga okanye ukuba kwiWest imidwebo yeso sixhobo (ungasebenzi kwi-freon, kodwa kwi-anhydride yesulfure) kwaye uqale ukuveliswa kweefriji zekhaya KhTZ-120 kwi-Kharkov Tractor Plant. Kodwa imfazwe yaqala, kwaye kwakungazange kube njalo. Iqumrhu leSoviet freon friji "ZIL" lafakwa kwimveliso yecala ngo-Matshi 1951. Ngaloo nyaka waqala ukuvelisa "Saratov". Kodwa iifriji zifumaneka ngokwenene kuphela kuma-60s. Babenokwethenjelwa, kodwa bangaphantsi kweNtshona ekusebenzeni nangokulula. Ngokukodwa, ifriji yayifumane ngqo esiswini sefriji. Khumbula: umnyango we-aluminium, i-eternal drifts yeqhwa ngaphakathi? Wonke umntu uyakhumbula oku, ngubani ubuncinane wabuza ngokwakhe umbuzo wokukhetha isiqandisisi sendlu. EUnited States, ngowe-1939, i-General Electric yavelisa i-friji emibini, kwaye ekuqaleni kwee-1950. Akukho uphuhliso lwe-frost lwakhiwa, oluvumela ukuhambisa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka rhoqo.
Smart Touch
Ukususela ngoko, ukuphelela kwefriji kuhamba ngendlela yobuhle, ukulungelelana kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Umzekelo, i-Samsung Electronics ivelise i-Smart Touch - kunye nokukhanya kwangaphandle (oku kulungele ngakumbi ukuba uziqhekeza kude kwikhomputha yakho ebusuku ukuze ugcwalise umzimba wakho we-nercking nge-creative process.) Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED-kokubili yangaphakathi nangaphakathi - konke okufunekayo, kungabandakanywa ukukhanya ekhitshini). Abaqulunqo babonakala bacinga ngayo yonke into eqinisekisiweyo: idibanti eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yegumbi lokuqhathaniswa yenzelwe umgaqo-mali-kulula ukuvula, nokuba neepakethe ezinzima kunye neemveliso. Isalathisi esilandelayo, ehleliwe kwiindawo ezihlukileyo ezintathu, ikuvumela ukuba ubeke ekamelweni ikheke elikhulu okanye ukutya okukhulu. Kwinqanaba elingaphantsi lomnyango kukho ishedyuli esikhethekileyo kwimveliso yabantwana - abantwana baya kujabulisa, bafumane i-cottage cheese kunye nejusi ekuseni.
Kubonakala ngathi injongo ephambili yabakhiqizi bamanje befriji ukulungiselela abasebenzisi ngokuzonwabisa, kubandakanywa ubugcisa. I-Smart Touch inhle njengothixo: ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kugxininisa ukunethezeka kwendawo yeglasi ebomvu (ngakumbi, kodwa akukho nto ingabonakaliyo "insimbi engenasici"). Ukuba kumyeni oku akusiyo ingxabano eyaneleyo yokwenza ukhetho, kufuneka uqiniseke oko, umzekelo: udonga olusemva lwefriji lucacile ngokupheleleyo - oku kuququzelela ukufakwa kwayo, kwaye ngaphezu koko, uthuli aluhlanganisi, kwaye lithetha (ukuba umyeni, ngokuqinisekileyo uyazi) Musa ukugqithisa imoto.
Iimodeli ezimbini - i-RL55VTEMR kunye ne-RL55VTEBG - zixhotywe ngesikrini sokuthintela, esikuvumela ukuba ulawulwe yonke imisebenzi yeyunithi ngokukodwa. Kwale kwesikrini ungabhala amanqaku kumyeni wakho: "Mthandi, musa ukulibala, sineendwendwe namhlanje. Ukuba uyayikhohlwa, kwaye ukubonakala kwazo akuyi kulindeleka kuwe, ungasebenzisa isebe leCock Select Zone-champagne lizopholisa khona ngokuphindaphindiweyo kathathu kunesiqhumiso sethu esidala! "
Nangona abalimi benenkathalo ngathi, thina, abasebenzisi, sinokwenza okuthile ukuphucula iifriji zethu. Umzekelo, uJohn Cornwell oneminyaka engama-22 ubudala, uqhotyoshelwe kwisiqriqho inqabana ephonsa umninimzi webhiya ukuze akwazi ukuvuka ebhedeni. Into enzima kakhulu kukufunda ngexesha, ukubamba iibhanki, kodwa umvelisi usiqinisekisa ukuba le ngongoma yakhono.