Ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwisithende sakusihlwa, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iikomityi ezahlukeneyo kunye namacwecwe angahambelani kunye nombala kunye nobukhulu. Kodwa xa iindwendwe ziza kuthi, ndifuna ukufumana inkonzo yentsapho evela kwiibhokhwe, apho zonke izinto zisesitaweni esifanayo. Kwaye ke isidlo esiqhelekileyo siba ngumkhosi omhle.
Imbali yokukhonza itheyibhi yovuyo ukususela ezindala ukuya kwiintsuku zethu iqala malunga neminyaka eyi-2000 edlulileyo. Kwakusekuqaleni kwexesha langoku iiTshayina zakha i-porcelain. Baye bathanda kakhulu ukutya ukutya okonkcenkceshe, bakhonza kwiitya eziluhlaza ezimhlophe, ezihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yamathambo okanye yemihla ngemihla. Yaye ngelixa ixuba itiye kwiikomityi ezintle ezintle. Kwangexesha elide bagcinwa ngokukhawuleza kubamelwane imfihlelo yemilingo ye-china. EYiputa naseMesopotamiya yasendulo yavela kunye nembono yokwenza iimveliso zeramisi ezigutyungwe nge-glaze. Kodwa, mhlawumbi, bakhumbuza ukukholelwa kwanamhlanje. Ukuvelisa, izinto ezifanayo zazisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-porcelain, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufanayo. Ukwahlukana kwakukho kuphela kumlinganiselo wamacandelo.
EYurophu, imfihlo yaseMpuma ixesha elide akukho mntu unomdla. Izitya zenziwe ngodongwe, ukhuni, isinyithi. NgeMinyaka Ephakathi, abantu abaqhelekileyo babelana ngeesitya eziqhelekileyo, apho intsapho yonke idla khona. Ngamanye amaxesha ukutshintshwa kwamacwecwe - kwanezityebi-bakhonza iinqununu ezinkulu zesonka. Ngokuqhelekileyo bafaka ukutya kunye neziqwenga zenyama. Kodwa kwi-Renaissance kwizindlu eziqinileyo, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kuboneke iiflethi nganye kwiilafile. Ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuveliswa kweekheramics zobugcisa. Eyona nto yayilinga amaTaliyane, ephefumlelwe yimisebenzi yamagosa angamaMoor, awakhupha iimveliso zeramisi nge-tin glaze.
Kwaye ngekhulu le-17 nele-18, ngenxa yokufumanisa iindwendwe ezitsha zolwandle, iziphuzo eziqhelekileyo zavela eYurophu: itiye, ikhofi, i-cocoa. Babefuna iimpahla ezikhethekileyo: iikomityi ezintle, ama-saucers kunye ne-teapots. Abarhwebi bazithathela i-porcelain ezixabisekileyo kumazwe asempuma baza bathengisa eYurophu ngemali enkulu. Abaqhagamshelana nobuhle baqaphela ngokukhawuleza ukuba kwakunjani ukuthaka isidlo ngenxa yezinto zobugcisa ezivela kule ndawo. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, babefuna ukwenza ngokwabo.
Emva kokuba umNyuli waseSaxony uAgasus Strong wamenywa enkonzweni yechempion Johann Betger. Lo mkhumbi uthembisa ukuvula indlela yokwenza igolide. Umntu-ntabeni ye-mountain-almist has not learned to extract this metal. Kodwa, ngokulandela umzekelo waseTshayina, weza iresiphi yokwenza i-porcelain i-kaolin. I-Kaolin yidongwe emhlophe yeplastiki, eyongezwayo i-feldspar kunye ne-mica emhlophe, kunye ne-quartz okanye isanti.
Ndimele nditsho ukuba i-porcelain yasempumalanga yayingelona nto ibaluleke ngaphezu kwegolide. U-August Strong waqaphela ngokukhawuleza ukuba yiyiphi inzuzo eyenziwe. Kwaye ngo-1710 wabiza ukwakha phantsi kwefektri yaseDresden Meissen yasePerecein, eya kuthiwa yaziwa ngokukhawuleza. Ekuqaleni, abaculi beSaxon baveze iimveliso zendlela yaseMpumalanga. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza baqala ukuhobisa ngeempahla ezihlukeneyo kunye nemifanekiso - imihlaba, ukuzingela kunye nezinye izinto ezintle. Kuyafaneleka ukuba le mveliso ixabise kakhulu! Kodwa imfuno yabo yayininzi. Abathengi abacebileyo, kuquka amakhorari avela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, abayalelanga izinto ezizimeleyo, kodwa iisetyenzisi ezipheleleyo kubantu abaninzi. Amagumbi okudlela ahlukeneyo, itiye, iisethi zekhofi. Ngoko kwakukho isithethe sokusebenzisa iitafile ngendlela efanayo. Ngendlela, eRashiya iqoqo elikhulu leMeissen porcelain liqokelelwa yi-Count Sheremetev. Unokwazi ukubona kwiMyuziyam yeCeramics kwi-Kuskovo Estate.
EFransi, okwangoku, uvavanyo lwalugqiba ngokugcwele. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, uSaint-Porscher waqulunqa indlela yokwenza ubulunga, ukulingisa iiramikhi zaseNtaliyane. Enyanisweni, inkolelo encinci yeFrentshi kuye kwaye ibelwe igama lomzi waseFaenza e-Itali. Kodwa ezi mpu melelo zengingqi azizange zime. Kwaye ngenxa yezinto ezinengqiqo kunye nesanti, i-saltpetre, i-soda kunye ne-gypsum ngo-1738, kwafunyanwa okubizwa ngokuba yi-porcelain epholileyo. Ukulala kuyo cishe kwakungabonakali, ngoko kubonakala kuninzi "ngokucacileyo", kunokuba uqine, kwaye kungengumhlophe ococekileyo kunye nochumisi. Imveliso yeSevres manufactory (ngokulandelanayo, kwisixeko saseSevres) ngokuphumelelayo ikhuphisana neTshayina neSaxon. Yaye kungekhona nje ngenxa yobunjani bayo, kodwa nangenxa yokuyilwa kwayo engavamile. Amatshini aseFransi avelisa iisekisi zeefom ehlukeneyo kunye nemibala. Umzekelo, isitya singafana neqabunga lamagilebhisi. I-Saucema - melon. Isitya seShukela - ukholifulawa. I-teapot yipinapap!
Kwii-XVI-XVII zeenkulungwane. Impumelelo ekuveleni kwe-faience yenza amaDatshi. Imveliso eDelft yakhiqiza ezininzi izitya ezincinci. Kancinci le ngqungquthela yaqala ukuthandwa ngabantu abane-average income. Nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kubiza kangakanani xa kuqhathaniswa nokusekwa kwayo, i-demand for them still did not decrease. Emva koko, babonisekile impilo kunye neendawo eziphezulu zabanini. Izinto zokuthengisa zasePolandin zavela eYurophu emva komnye. I-Russia ayizange igule emva koogxa baseNtshona. Kwakudala ngo-1746, isazi senzululwazi uDmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov sathola iteknoloji exabisekileyo. I-Lomonosov Factory Factory, eyenziwe ngumyalelo we-Impress Elizabeth Petrovna, uye waba ngumncintiswano ofanelekileyo kumashishini aseYurophu. Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwezinto, wayehlala kwipropati yobukhosi kwaye ngokukhethekileyo wayekhulile phantsi kweCatherine Catherine. Wanikela ngokukhawuleza iiseti zomkhosi, kwaye ezinye zazo zazibalelwa kwizinto eziliwaka! Kwaye kwi-XIX leminyaka kwakukho izityalo ezincinci - ikakhulukazi kwingingqi yaseGzhel.
Phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX, isethi seesitya kwiitafile zezindlu ezizityebi zaseYurophu ziya kufikelela kumda. Ngaphambi kwendwendwe nganye kwisithambiso setafile, kukho, njengokwesikhokelo, amaninzi amacwecwe okutya, okuqala, yesibini, isaladi, i-dessert, iziqhamo. Oku akubalanga zonke iintlobo zeenqanawa ze-oiler, izimbiza ze-jam, izitya zeshukela, i-milkmaids, iikomityi, izitya zesiqhamo, iibhasikiti zeekesekese.
Kuyabonakala ngathi akukho nto inokuyilungisa ... yonke into isele iqulunqwe! Kodwa nakumaxesha ethu inkonzo iseya kuphucula. Eyona nto, kubonga kuba restaurateurs, abafuna ukubonelela ngenjongo yokutya kwabapheki babo. Bazisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-assiette de presentation - iplani enkulu "yokukhonza", enomgca wepeyinti enhle, apho iiplati ezinezixhobo zokuqala nezesibili zifakwa khona. I-Restaurateurs nayo ivakalise ingcamango yokuba zonke izinto kufuneka "zenzeke", zigcinwe kalula. Ukuba zifakwe ngokungenele komnye nomnye, ke kunethuba elingaphantsi lokuliphula xa uphethe intaba yezitya ezandleni zakho. Kwaye, ngaphezu koko, abaqambi ababalaseleyo bavame ukusebenza ngokubonakala kweenkonzo zanamhlanje. Emva koko, izitya eziqhelekileyo azinakuba nje isitya sokutya kunye neziphuzo, kodwa nento yobugcisa! Leli bali kunye nesilungiselelo setafile kwakuthanda ukukhumbuza ukuba nesitya esona sidlo sasinomdla ngakumbi xa itheyibhile ihlotshiswe izitya ezityebileyo.
Ukusuka kwezo zihlandlo iinkonzo ezenza ukuba kube yimpumelelo.
- "Inkonzo nge-frog eluhlaza", eyenzelwe abantu abangama-50 kwaye iqukethe izinto ezingama-994. Yadalwa ngumbutho wesiNgesi Wedgwood uCatherine oMkhulu kwaye ngoku ugcinwa eHermitage, eSt. Petersburg. Zonke iimveliso zihlotshiswe ngemimandla eyahlukeneyo, ngokokuba ukumkanikazi kunye nomngcwabo wakhe bayamangalisa amahlathi, amasimi kunye neendonga zelizwe zaseNgilani. Ngendlela, zonke ezi zibuhle zikhusele ngokukhuselekileyo ukuphuma kwamabini: ngo-1917 no-1945.
- I-"Swan service" yaseKendler yenziwe ngekhulu le-18 kwiMeissen Manufactory kwaye yayinezinto ezingama-2200 ze-porcelain. Bahlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yokunceda kuzo zonke iintlobo zezidalwa ezihlala kwindawo yamanzi.
- "Inkonzo kaKumkani u-Victoria", eyadalwa ngu-Herend oqulunqisayo, yaqanjwa ngokuthi nguM Queen waseBrithani. Ukususela ngexesha leMboniselo Yehlabathi ngowe-1851 wayenomdla ngomfanekiso wakhe olula kunye namaqabunga.
- Iindawo ezidumileyo ze-porcelain zaseRussia - "iGuryevsky" ("isiRashiya") - yenziwa ekuqaleni kweXIXX. Ngoku ininzi yalo igcinwe kwiPeterhof. Kubizwa ngokuba yi-earl ye-DA. Guryeva, phantsi komsebenzi wabo wobunkokheli oqhubekayo. Le nkonzo ihlotshiswe ngamatshini amatshini akwenziwe ngokweemifanekiso kunye neelgragraphs ebonisa ukubonakala kunye nemasiko yabantu baseRashiya. Kwaye kwabamba iimbono zeedolophu ezahlukileyo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zemifanekiso.