Ukongezelela, kwisixeko ngasinye, kwiphondo nganye kukho iintsuku ezingakhohlwayo. Yaye ukuba ungeze kwiiholide zenkolo zonke, ezisekelwe eBuddhism okanye kwiShinto (inkolo yesizwe yaseJapan), ngoko yonke inyanga yonyaka uza kuba neenkwenkwezi ezikhethileyo zokugqoka kwaye uzilungiselele umthendeleko omkhulu we-matsouri eJapan. Eli ligama leholide eJapan kwanoma yiyiphi ingxaki.
Matsuri ukuba athandaze
Okuqhelekileyo kuthathwa ngokuba ngumkhosi weYurophu - umkhosi wokuzonwabisa okanye udaniso, ngexesha apho abathathi-nxaxheba bembatha iimaski - sele beyinto eYapan kwaye umthendeleko omkhulu we-maturi eJapan uye waba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeeholide zenkolo. AmaJapan agcina ngokugqithiseleyo izithethe, kunye nemidlalo eyenzelwe ukuxosha imimoya emibi eyaziwa eJapan ukususela ngekhulu le-XII, xa yafakwa kwisithethe seBuddhist. Emva koko babizwa ngokuthi "gaga-ku" kwaye babemele umgca weedonki kwimaski phantsi komculo ongenanto. Inxalenye enyanzelekileyo yegagaku yinqanaba lokugqibela lomnye wabalingisi kwiingubo "zeengonyama" (kwakukholelwa ukuba ingonyama inokutshatya imimoya emibi kuphela). Ukongeza kwi-gagaku, enye imveliso yesaziwayo yaziwa, "i-bugaku", abo bathathi-nxaxheba babegqoke iingubo eziqaqambileyo kwaye batshaywe ngokukrakra emigqumeni emitha emithathu. I-Gagaku ne-Bugaku ziyisiseko apho i-classic yaseJapan yakhutshwa khona, kodwa i-echoes yeenkonzo zengcwaba zamandulo ziye zagcinwa kuze kube yimhla kwaye zizaliswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokwenkolo.
Enye into enyanzelekileyo yamaMatsuri, esele isaphila nanamhla, i "mikosi" - izibingelelo ezithathwa ezandleni ngexesha lokunyusa. Kukholelwa ukuba kwii-altare ngethuba leeholide umoya wobukumkani bethempeli uhamba, kwaye uqhutyelwa ngaphaya kweendonga zendawo ezingcwele zonqulo. UMikosi wenziwe nge-bamboo kunye nephepha, ezihlotswe ngeentsimbi kunye neentambo zelinen. Ukongeza kwi-mikosi, kwi-festival ye-festive inokuthatha inxaxheba "i-dasi" - iipolatifti eziphathekayo apho kufaka khona izibalo zezilwanyana ezingcwele okanye ezengqungquthela, imifanekiso yamaqhawe aseJapan.
Abaculi bahamba kwiipolatifti ezifanayo. Nangona ubunzima bobunzima be-dasi (bangaba bubungakanani bendlu enamabini amabini), bayagxothwa okanye bathathwe ngesandla. I-Dacia kunye ne-Mycosi isetyenziselwa iminyaka emininzi-iminyaka-ukuya kwinqanaba lezinto ezenziwe kuzo zanele. Phakathi kweeholide badibanisa kunye nokugcina kwiitempile. Ukuphatha ikosi okanye ukudonsa i-dasi yinto ehloniphekileyo kuyo nayiphi na indoda yaseJapan, kwaye iyakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimigudu, ukugqoka kwii-kimonos ezikhethekileyo okanye nakwezinye i-loincloths.
Namhlanje, akukho mntu uthatha ngokungathandekiyo iingcamango ezibangelwa imicimbi ethile kwaye ababanomdla kuzo. Ngexesha lokungena kweMykosi, abaphathi bathetha ngokumalunga nexabiso okanye ubudala bebingelelo kunye nemigqomo kunokuba kuchazwe umthendeleko. Kodwa isithethe ngokwaso sigcinwe ngokuthe ngqo. Kuba abathathi-nxaxheba akusiyo nje isizathu sokuzonwabisa. EJapan, ubudlelwane obusondelene nabo bunamandla, ngoko abahlali bayonwabile ukusebenzisa amathuba okunxibelelana: bahlobisa itempile kunye nezindlu ezikufutshane kunye nezibane, bahlambulule izitalato, abaza kuthwala iibingelelo, bamise imarike encane kufuphi netempileni apho bathengisa khona i-noodle ebusiweyo kunye nama-pancake ezenziwe ngokweendlela zokupheka ezikhethekileyo.
UMatsuri ukuvuya
Ngeentsuku zemibhiyozo yoluntu okanye yomhlaba, amaJapane anokuvuyela ubuso kunye nokugqoka kwi-kimono okanye ezinye iingubo ezikhethekileyo-umzekelo, ama-Samurai yamandulo kunye ne-geisha. Ukuba ukholwa kwirejista ye-prefecture yaseTokyo, kuphela apha ngonyaka ulungiselelwe amawaka eendwendwe zesitalato, ukwenzela ukuba nabani na abahlala khona banokukhetha isizathu sokuzonwabisa. Kodwa zikhona iintsuku apho ilizwe lonke libhiyozela. Enye yeeholide eziqhelekileyo - kwaye, ngokukhawuleza, isondele kakhulu ngexesha kunye nomoya kwiimpahla ze-European - Setsubun. Ubhiyozelwa ngoFebruwari, xa ikhalenda yenyanga ilandelwa ngenguqu yentshintsho yobusika entwasahlobo.
Intsingiselo engcwele yeholide ifaka nembono yokufa kunye novuko olulandelayo, kunye nokubonakaliswa kobuninzi obungunaphakade beYin-yang. Kukholelwa ukuba ngexesha lokutshintshwa kwendalo ukusuka ebusika ukuya entwasahlobo, imikhosi yobubi ixhomekeke ngakumbi, kwaye imikhosi ekhethekileyo kufuneka iqhutywe ukuwagxotha ekhaya nakwabathandekayo. Ngako oko, ukususela kwangexesha elidlulileyo ukuya kutsho namhlanje, oomama bayaphonsa ubhontshisi ngeenxa zonke kwiSeshubun ebusuku, besithi: "Iidemon - kude, inhlanhla-endlwini!" Emva kokuba iimbotyi zifunwa ukuthabatha kwaye zitya: nganye yamakhaya yayidla amaninzi xa igugile ubudala, kunye neembotyi enye - inenhlanhla. Namhlanje omnye wabantwana ugqoke njengomtyholi, kunye nabanye abantwana banamabhontshisi athokoza kuye. Kwiitempile namhla, kwakhona, sasaza iimbotyi - zifakwe kakuhle kwiphepha. Kodwa ukuziphatha kokuqala inkonzo kaThixo.
Emva komthendeleko, amadoda amaninzi aziguqula njengedemon aze aphume ethempelini, exubene nesihlwele. Iimonki kufuneka zifumane kwaye zilandele ezitratweni ngokukhala. O-Bon, usuku lwabafileyo, ugujwa kulo lonke ilizwe. Kukholelwa ukuba ngethuba lomthendeleko omkhulu we-matsouri eJapan, ookhokho ba tyelela izindlu apho babehlala khona, kwaye babasikelela izihlobo zabo. Kwiitempileni zamaBuddha, umkhosi okhethekileyo uqhutywe, ukuxhela. Emva kokuba abantu baqhumise umlilo wokuyeka-okur-bi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, endaweni yomlilo, zikhanyisa umbane kwaye zivumeleke ngamanzi. Iholide iyathandwa kangangokuba ngemihla yayo kuyisiko ukunika abasebenzi ithuba lokuhamba ukuze batyelele amangcwaba ookhokho babo. O-boon, naphezu kwegama elibi, iholide evuyayo neyovuyo. Ngethuba le nto bagqoka kwaye banike abanye izipho. Kwakhona umdaniso ojikelezayo wenziwa kuwo onke amelwane. Kwisikhundla saseTokgigi, esi siko sakhula saba ngumthendeleko wangempela womdaniso. Ngobusuku ka-5 ukuya ku-6 ku-Agasti amawaka abantu abagqoke ngomdaniso we-kimono kwenye yezikwere zedolophu yaseNikko.
Kodwa ezinye iholide "ziboshwe" kwithempeli elithile, isixeko okanye indawo. Iyona mininzi kakhulu kwaye imangalisayo nguSanin Heret-zu Matsuri, okanye "uMthendeleko weeNkulungwane zabantu." Uyaziwa nangokuthi nguTosegu Matsuri, egama lithempeli, apho lugubha khona. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 1617, uhambo oluhle luya kule tempile ukuze luvuselele umzimba we-shogun iTokugawa Ieyasu. Ukususela ngaloo ndlela, unyaka nonyaka umlandeleli uphinde wenziwe kwakhona, kwiinkcukacha zonke. Ngomthendeleko, awukwazi nje ukubukela imidulo yamandulo, kodwa kwakhona ubona izixhobo zangempela, izixhobo, izixhobo zomculo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, uToseg kunye neeholide enkulu yamaMatsuri eJapan sele ibe yintlobo yomthendeleko wendoda: ngaphezu kwendlela yokuhlala "yenzalo yendlu yaseTokugawa," baququzelele imidaniso yabantu kunye nemincintiswano. Usuku lokuqala lweeholide lunikezelwa kwimemori ye-shogun. Ehamba kunye neendwendwe ezibandakanya "intendelezo" ye-shogun kunye nababingeleli, izibuko zentsimbi ezintathu zenziwa kwindawo engcwele yetempileni, apho imiphefumlo yamagosa amathathu aphezulu - iMinamoto Eritomo, To-iti Hideyoshi kunye noTokugawa Ieyasu zifakwe, kwaye zifakwa kwi-kosi. UMaskosi udluliselwa kwitempile yaseFutaarasan, apho baya kuhlala khona kube ngumhla olandelayo. Kwaye usuku olulandelayo luqala ngokwenene "iholide yeenkulungwane zabantu": ukuhamba kwesihlwele esikhulu esichaza abemi baseJapan amaxesha amanyala. Kwintlambo yayibandakanya i-samamura, i-spearmen, inxalenye yokwakhiwa kwe-shogun, abazingeli kunye neengqungquthela ezithwele ezandleni zabo (i-falconry yinto yokuzonwabisa eyintandokazi).
Ukusuka kwimimoya emibi, umgca ukhuselwe "iingonyama" (abantu bembethe iingonyama zeengonyama ezide) kunye "nezimpungushe" - ngokwembali, umoya we-fox ukhusela indlu kaToseg. Kwakhona kwisihlwele ngabafana abalishumi elinesibhozo-iimononi, ezibonisa izilwanyana ze-zodiac. Ingqambela yeeholide yembonakalo kaMikosi. Iholide engekho mncinane ingabonwa phakathi noJulayi eKyoto. IGion Matsuri nayo ivela kwimbali. Ngo-896, isixeko saseKyoto sagxothwa yi-bhubhane, kwaye abahlali baququzelele umthandazo wokuqokelela. Ngoku malunga nabantu abayizigidi bafika eKyoto minyaka yonke ukuze bazuze umgodi kunye ne-hoko parade. Umgodi unjani uhlobo lweepalanquins, ezithathwa ngamagxa abo ngabantu abaninzi. Kwaye i-hoko - ezinkulu iinqwelo, ezihanjiswa ngesandla. Ukuphakama kwabo kufinyelela kwiiplanga ezimbini.
Ngaphezulu kakhulu, abaculi bahlala kwaye badlala amathonga angumntu, phantsi apho abathathi-nxaxheba baqhuba khona i-hoko. Kulo nqanawa ngumntwana, ebonisa ubuthixo bendlu kaYasak. Umqhubi unemihlathi engamashumi amabini anesihlanu kunye nehako ezisixhenxe. Ziye zihlotshiswe ngokucebileyo - ngokuyininzi ukulungiswa kwendwangu ye-nissin. Ekupheleni kweeholide zomlilo ihlelwe. Kwaye ngoSeptemba eKamakura unokwazi ukukhangela emincintiswaneni yokugada. NgoSeptemba 16, iYabusame ibanjwe apha, umthendeleko wesiganeko, ngexesha apho abacibisi beentambo baphonsela kwiithagethi. Kubalulekile ukubetha iithagethi ezintathu kwaye ngoko ucele oothixo ukuba uvuno olucebile kunye nobomi obunokuthula. Ingqungquthela inokuthi umbusi wenza le mfundiso yokuqala kwinkulungwane yesithandathu. Wabuza oothixo uxolo eburhulumenteni kwaye, emva kokubeka iithagethi ezintathu, wawaxabela ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukususela ngoko, umthendeleko sele ube ngumthendeleko wonyaka, owawulandelwa yizo zonke izikhwama.
Ekubeni ngexesha lokudubula ihashe lihamba, akulula kakhulu ukubetha ithagethi malunga namashumi amahlanu ukuya kumashumi amahlanu ububanzi. Ngokwesiko, iithagethi zibekwe kumgama olinganayo omnye komnye kumgama wama-218 wamitha. Zonke izenzo zenzeka phantsi kwelifa lemidumba. Abaculi bahamba kunye nabaphengululi, kwaye bonke banxibe kwiingubo zemveli zenkundla.
Kodwa ukuba ufumane umfanekiso opheleleyo wobuhle beJapan, kufuneka uvakashele i-Didai Matsuri, egcinwa eKyoto ngo-Oktobha 22. Inxalenye yayo eyintloko yindwendwe yeendleko, abathathi-nxaxheba abagqoke ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zembali. Igama leholide liguqulelwa ngokuthi "uMthendeleko weepoki". Ngomnye wezona zithuba "ezincinci" ezinkulu ze-Matsuri eJapan, ezaqala ngo-1895 ukuba ziphawule umnyaka we-1100 wokusungulwa kwenkunzi kwisixeko saseKyoto. Ukuhambelana needrama kunye neendwenga ezivela kwintsimi yombusi ukuya kwithempeli laseHeian kushukumisela ukuhambela abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbini. Ilula ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezimbini. Umhlobiso oyintloko we-parade-umfundi we-geisha kunye nomfazi ogqoke i-kimono. Kuthatha malunga neekhilomitha ezintlanu, apho abaphulaphuli bayamthanda amaqela angamakhulu amabini ababukeli.
Kukho ii-holide ezinjalo zembali zembonakalo zonyaka, kwaye zilungiselelwe, okokuqala, kungekhona kubakhenkethi, kodwa kwiJapan ngokwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esi sizathu sokuzonwabisa kunye nolonwabo, kwaye kwenye - ngexesha leeholide enkulu ye-matsouri eJapan abavumelanga ukulibala malunga neyona nto yenzeke ngezolo, kwaye ngoku kube yimihla ibe yimbali.