Iimpawu ze-autism zitholakala kubantwana abancinci, kodwa ukuxilongwa kuboniswa KUPHELA xa umntwana efikelela kwiminyaka engama-4-5. I-Autism nayiphi na imeko imeko enzima, nangona ubunzima beembonakalo ezibuhlungu buyahlukahluka ngokubanzi. Izizathu ezibangela ukuveliswa komntwana nge-autism azikazanga. Bonke abantwana abane-autism baneengxaki kwizinto ezinjalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla:
- intetho;
- unxibelelwano;
- ukuziphatha.
NoNxibelelwano
Bonke abantwana abane-autism bafumana izakhono zolwimi ngokusesikweni, sele sele bebancinci ubunzima bezonxibelelwano kubonakala. Isiqingatha sazo asikhulisi amandla okubonisa iimvakalelo zabo neemvakalelo ngoncedo lolwimi. Umntwana ongu-autistic akazami ukunxibelelana, umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa i-agukanya kunye nokubamba umntwana. Ezinye iinkalo zentetho zikhula kubantwana abanjalo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zidlala indima ekhuselekileyo kubo - umntwana uqala ukubonakalisa amabinzana angabonakaliyo okanye intetho yakhe inemvelo, xa ephinda ephinda amagama athetha ngabanye, engayiqondi intsingiselo yawo. Ngenxa yeengxaki zentetho, abantwana abane-autism bangabonakala bengenasiphelo. Banobunzima bokusebenzisa izibhengezo zabo, ngokomzekelo, banokuthetha ngabo ngokwamntu wesithathu kwaye, ngokomthetho, abazi ukuba baqhubeke njani incoko. Ekugqibeleni, abantwana abanjalo abakwazi ukudlala imidlalo efuna ubukho bobuchule nokucinga. Ingxaki ebalulekileyo kubantwana be-autistic kukunxibelelana nabanye abantu; indlela abaziphatha ngayo, ngokukodwa, ibonakaliswe yizinto ezilandelayo:
- Ayekho kwimibonakalo yeemvakalelo ezifudumeleyo, ngakumbi kwi-aircraft.
- Abakwazi ukuqonda indlela umntu acinga ngayo nokuziva.
- Nangona bekhubekile, abazami ukufumana indlela yokuphuma kwimeko yokulwa.
- Bakuphepha ukubona omnye umntu kwiso.
Ngenxa yolu bunzima, umntwana ongenayo imithwalo yakhe yokwakha nayiphi na ubudlelwane nabanye abantu kwaye uyahlukana kakhulu.
Iimpawu zokuziphatha
Abantwana abahlukunyezwa yi-autism bazama ukuzithoba kunye nehlabathi lonke elijikelezile ukuba baqeshwe kwaye bacaphuke kakhulu xa kuphulwe. Oku kubangelwa ukuba abanako ukuqonda ukubaluleka kweziganeko ezenzekayo kunye nabo nokubona kwangaphambili oko bangagqiba khona; Umgaqo osisiseko usebenza njengendlela ekhuselekileyo yokuba baphephe ukuxakeka okubangela ukuba bakhathazeke. Abantwana abavumileyo banalo uluhlu oluninzi lwezinto ezinomdla, bahlala befumana uhlobo oluthile lokunamathisela kwinto ethile, kodwa kungekhona kumntu okanye kwelinye iqumrhu eliphilayo. Iimidlalo zabo zizithobile, zihlakulela ngokwemeko efanayo. Ngamanye amaxesha abantwana abanjalo bangaphinda baphinde baphinde benze izenzo ezingenanto, umzekelo, ukujikeleza okanye ukuphikisa iminwe yabo.
Ukuziphendulela kwamathambo
Kanye kunye neempawu ezichazwe, abanye abantwana abahamba nge-autistic. Unokubonisa indlela engavumelekanga ngayo ukuthunga, imifanekiso ebonakalayo kunye nezandi. Abantu ngabanye abanako ukusabela nantoni nakwiimvakalelo ezibuhlungu okanye nokuba bafumane ukuzonwabisa ekubangela ubuhlungu kubo. I-Autism yisifo esingenakuphulukiswa, kwaye ukuba umntwana ufunyaniswa, ufuna iprogram yoqeqesho lomntu olubandakanya iqela leengcali. Ukulungisa ukuziphatha kunye nokuphazamiseka okugqithisileyo, unyango lwezohambo lungadingeka. I-Autism ivela kubafana 3-4 amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu kwamantombazana. Ukongezelela koko, ukungafani ngesondo ngokobunzima beli gciwane kuthethwa ngakumbi kwizinga eliphezulu lolwazi; kwiqela labantwana abane-IQ ephantsi, umlinganiselo wabantombazana kunye namantombazana aphethwe yi-autism aphakathi okufanayo. Ngesiqingatha sabantwana be-autistic abantwana, inqanaba lobunzima libonisa ukuphulwa kwamandla okufunda ukusuka kwiingxaki ezilinganayo zokugqiba ukufunda. I-10-20% kuphela eneengqiqo ezaneleyo zokufunda ngokuqhelekileyo. Uphuhliso lwe-autism aluhambelani nomgangatho wezoqoqosho loluntu lomntwana ogulayo.
Amakhono akhethekileyo
Ngokubanzi, i-autism ixhaphake kakhulu kubantwana abanokukhubazeka kokufunda. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abantu abane-autistic banamakhono ahluke ngokupheleleyo, njengememori engavamile. Malunga ne-10-30% yezigulane ezine-autism ngezikhathi ezithile zixhaphaza. Ukuba umntwana ufumaneka ukuba ene-autism, yonke intsapho iyafuna uncedo lweengcali ezimele zibafundise ukuba ziqonde isigulane kwaye zenze ngokufanelekileyo kunye naye. Kubalulekile ukuba uqeqesho lwe-autistic umntwana lwenzeka kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo kuye. Kukho izikolo ezizodwa kunye nexesha elichanekileyo kunye nokugxininiswa ekuthengeni ulwimi nolwazi lokunxibelelana ngabantwana.
Iindlela zokwenza unyango
Ulwaphulo lokuziphatha lujoliswe ekuhlakuleleni ukuziphatha kwentlalo eyanamkelekileyo kumntwana, kunye nokucima izenzo kunye nemikhuba ephazamisa inkqubo yokufunda, njengokuzilimaza okanye ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, unyango lwamayeza lusetyenziswa, kodwa kuphela kwindlela ephantsi: i-fenfluramine imiselwe ukuba inqande izenzo ezingapheliyo; ngenxa yokunciphisa ukunyuka kwe-haloperidol okanye i-pimozide. Enye yeendlela, ezibizwa ngokuba nguSoshiya (owaziwa nangokuthi "uphando lwezinto zansuku zonke"), luquka ukudibanisa umculo kunye nobugcisa obunomsebenzi okhuselekileyo wokufundisa umntwana indlela yokuxelisa kwindawo eyaziwayo, ecacileyo. Indima ebalulekileyo kwonyango idlalwe yintetho kunye nolululwazi lweelwimi. Ngokumalunga nabantwana abangasebenzisi ulwimi, ezinye iindlela zempembelelo zisetyenziselwa ukuququzelela ukunxibelelana nokusebenzisana nomntwana.
Izizathu ze-Autism
Ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba i-autism ihlobene ngokusondeleyo nokukhubazeka kokufunda nokuhluthwa, izazinzulu zivame ukukhangela imbangela yale ntsholongwane ekungalingani kwemvelo. Kuza kubekho namhlanje, akukho mntu uye wasondela ukuba achaze ukuba kukho kwingqondo yezigulane nge-autism ukuba oku akunjalo. Kukho ukufana phakathi kokuphuhliswa kwesi sifo kunye namanqanaba ephakamileyo egazi ye-serotonin ehambelana namahhala okanye iplatlet, kodwa iinkcukacha zeendlela zokugula zingasayi kucaciswa. Nangona kwimeko nganye kunzima ukucacisa naziphi na izizathu, i-autism kufuneka idibaniswe noluhlu oluthile lokulimala kwangaphambi kokubeleka, i-rubella ye-congenital, i-phenylketonuria, kunye neengxaki zokuncinci.
Umbono weSizathu
Ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lokucinga, kucingelwa ukuba abantu abane-autistic bafumana ubunzima bemisebenzi ethile echazwe kwisiseko segama elithi "ingcamango yengqondo". Oku kuthetha ukuba aba bantu abakwazi ukuvakalelwa okanye bacinge ngento enye umntu acinga ngayo, abakwazi ukuqikelela iinjongo zakhe.