Umzimba wethu unokuthelekiswa nomasipala. Iiseli ezihlala kuyo ngezinye iinkqubo zihlala "kwiintsapho", zenze izitho, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, zilahlekile phakathi kwabanye, zihlala ziphela (njengokomzekelo, iiseli zamasosha omzimba). Ezinye ziyizibopho zekhaya kwaye azizange zishiye isiphephelo sazo, ezinye zihambahamba kwaye azihlali kwindawo enye. Zonke zihluke, ngasinye sinemfuno zayo, umlingiswa kunye nolawulo. Phakathi kweeseli zincinci nezithuthi ezinkulu - iinqwelo zegazi kunye ne-lymph. Yonke isibini emzimbeni wethu, izigidi zeziganeko zenzeka: umntu okanye into ephula ubomi obunokuthula beeseli okanye abanye bayakhohlwa ngemisebenzi yabo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, banenzondelelo. Kwaye, njengakunoma yiyiphi i-megalopolis, ukuze ugcine umyalelo, ulawulo olufanelekileyo lufuneka apha. Siyazi ukuba i-executive executive yethu iyinkqubo yesifo. Kwaye isandla sakhe sokunene sisistim ye-endocrine (ES).
Ngo kwenzela
I-ES yenye yeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye neyimfihlakalo yomzimba. Inkambiso kuba iqulethwe ezininzi zeengqungquthela, ngasinye sinokuvelisa ukusuka kwenye ukuya kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamahomoni, kwaye ilawula umsebenzi wenani elikhulu lezitho, kubandakanywa neengqungquthela ze-endocrine ngokwazo. Ngaphakathi kwenkqubo kukho i-hierarchy ekhethekileyo ekuvumela ukuba ulawulwe ngokungqongqo ukusebenza kwayo. Ukungaqiniseki kwe-ES kudibaniswa nobunzima beendlela zokulawula nokubunjwa kwamahomoni. Ukuphonononga umsebenzi walo, kudinga ubuchwepheshe be-cutting edge. Indima yamahomoni amaninzi ayengacacanga. Kwaye sinokuqiqa ngokuba khona kwabanye, nangona kungekabi nakhona ukucacisa ukubunjwa kwabo kunye neeseli ezibahlulayo. Yingakho i-endocrinology - inzululwazi ephonononga iihommoni kunye nezitho ezizivelisayo-ithathwa njengezona zinto zinzima kakhulu kwizodwa zonyango kunye neyona nto ithembisayo. Xa sele siqonde injongo kunye nenkqubo yomsebenzi wezinto ezithile, sinokuchaphazela iinkqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni wethu. Emva koko, sibonga ama-hormone, sizalelwa, badala umtsalane phakathi kwabazali bexesha elizayo, banqume ixesha lokubunjwa kweeseli zesini kunye nomzuzu wokuchumisa. Bashintsha ubomi bethu, bethonya isimo sengqondo kunye nesimo. Namhlanje, siyazi ukuba iinkqubo zokuguga nazo zilawulwa yi-ES.
Abalingiswa ...
Iziko ezenza i-ES (i-thyroid gland, i-adrenal glands, njl.) Ziqela zeeseli ezisezinye izitho okanye izicubu, kunye neeseli ezizimele ezahlukileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ukwahlula phakathi kweengcambu ze-endocrine kwabanye (zibizwa ngokuba yi-exocrine glands) yilokuba zangaphambili zithengisa iimveliso zazo-i-hormone - ngqo kwigazi okanye i-lymph. Ngenxa yoko zibizwa ngokuba ziingcingo zangaphakathi. Futhi i-exocrine-kwi-lumen yale nto okanye elo lungu (umzekelo, i-exocrine gland enkulu-isibindi - ifihla imfihlelo yayo-ye-bile-kwi-lumen ye-gallbladder kwaye iqhubele emathunjini) okanye ngaphandle (umzekelo - ukugquma kweengqungquthela). Iingqungquthela ze-Exocrine zibizwa ngokuba zizigulane zangaphandle. IiHormone zizinto ezinokuthi zisebenze kwiiseli eziziveleleyo (zibizwa ngokuba yii-cell cells), zitshintsha isantya seenkqubo zokuxilisa. Ukukhululwa kwama-hormone ngqo kwigazi kwenza i-EC ibe yinzuzo enkulu. Ukufezekisa umphumo, kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa. IiHormone ziya ngqo kwigazi, elisebenza njengezothutho kwaye livumela ngokukhawuleza ukuhambisa isisombululo esifanelekileyo kuzo zonke izicubu, ngokungafani nesiginci senzwa esasasaza kwiimbilini ze-nervous, ngenxa yokuphulukana okanye ukulimala, akunakufikelela kwimigomo yabo. Kwimeko ye-hormone, oku akukwenzekayo: igazi elisegazini lifumana lula ukusebenza xa enye okanye imithwalo yegazi ivinjiwe. Kwimizimba kunye neeseli apho umyalezo we-ES ukhankanywe khona, wamukelwa, ama-receptors aqonda ukuba i-hormone ethile ikhona kuwo. Isici senkqubo ye-endocrine yinto yokukwazi "ukuziva" ukuxilongwa kwamahomoni ahlukahlukeneyo kwaye uyilungise. Kwaye inani labo lixhomekeke kwixesha, ubulili, ixesha lomhla nomnyaka, ubudala, isimo sengqondo somzimba kunye nemikhwa yethu. Ngoko i-ES ibeka isigqi kunye nesantya seenkqubo zethu zokutshintshiselwa.
... nabadlali
I-pituitary gland iyisitho esiphezulu se-endocrine. Ikhupha ama-hormone ekhuthaza okanye avimbele umsebenzi wabanye. Kodwa i-pituitary gland ayiyona into ephezulu ye-ES, izalisekisa kuphela indima yomphathi. I-Hypothalamus ligunya eliphezulu. Le yisebe yengqondo, equkethe amaqoqo eeseli ezidibanisa iipropati ze-nervous and endocrine. Ziyakuthintela izinto ezilawulwa yizilwanyana ze-pituitary kunye ne-endocrine. Ngaphantsi kolawulo lwe-hypothalamus, i-pituitary gland ivelisa i-hormone echaphazela izicubu ezinobuhlungu. Ngoko, i-hormone ye-thyroid evuselela i-thyroid i-gland, i-corticotropic-umsebenzi we-correnx ye-adrenal. I-hormone yokukhula (okanye i-hormone yokukhula) ayichaphazeli nayiphi na indikimba ethile. Isiphumo saso sifikelele kwiintlobo zenyama kunye namalungu. Lo mahluko kwizenzo ze-hormone kubangelwa ulwahlulo ebaluleke kakhulu kumzimba kunye nenani lemisebenzi abayinikezelayo. Ubungqina beli qhinga eliyinkimbinkimbi ngumgaqo wempendulo. I-ES ingabizwa ngaphandle kokunyanisela ininzi yentando yesininzi. Kwaye, nangona li "lawula" izitho (i-hypothalamus kunye ne-pituitary gland), abaphantsi koko banempembelelo nomsebenzi weengqungquthela eziphezulu. Kwi-hypothalamus, i-pituitary gland ikhona i-receptors ezithatyathwa kwi-hormone ehlukeneyo egazini. Ukuba iphakamileyo, iimpawu ezisuka kubalamkeli ziya kuvimba umveliso wazo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Lo ngumgaqo-mpendulo kwisenzo. I-thyroid gland yafumana igama layo ngokuma kwayo. Ihlanganisa intamo, ijikeleze i-trachea. Ukubunjwa kwamahomoni ayo yi-iodine, kwaye ukungabikho kwayo kungakhokelela ekungatheni komsebenzi womzimba. IiHormones ze-gland zibonelela ngokulinganisela phakathi kokubunjwa kweethambo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha agcinwe kuyo. Ziyimfuneko ekuphuhlisweni kwamasipha kunye nentlalo yeethambo zenyama, kunye nokunyusa ukusebenza kwamanye amahomoni (umzekelo, insulin, ukukhawulezisa imetabolism ye-carbohydrates). Ezi zinto zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo ye-nervous. Ukungabikho kwama-hormone kwi-gland kwiintsana kubangela ukungaphuhliswa kwengqondo, kwaye kamva ukuhla kweengcaphephe. Ngoko ke, zonke iintsana ziza kuxutyushwa malunga nomxholo walezi zinto (olu vavanyo lufakwe kwinkqubo yokuhlola abantwana abasana). Kanye kunye ne-adrenaline, i-hormone ye-thyroid ithintela umsebenzi wentliziyo kwaye ilawula uxinzelelo lwegazi.
Izigulane zeParathyroid
Iingqungquthela ze-Parathyroid zineengqungquthela ezi-4 ezisebunzini beethambo ezinamafutha emva kwe-thyroid, yingakho bafumana igama labo. Iintlanzi zivelisa ama-hormone a-2: i-parathyroid ne-calcitonin. Bobabini banikezela utshintsho lwe-calcium kunye ne-phosphorus emzimbeni. Ngokungafani neentlobo ze-endocrine ezininzi, umsebenzi we-parathyroid ulawulwa ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali kunye ne-vithamini D. I-pancreas ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwe-carbohydrates emzimbeni, kwaye ithatha inxaxheba ekutyeni kwaye ivelise i-enzyme eqinisekisa ukuphuka kwamaprotheni, amafutha kunye ne-carbohydrates. Ngoko ke, ikhona kwindawo yokuguquka kwesisu ukuya emathunjini amancinci. Intsimbi ikhupha ii-hormone ezingama-2: i-insulin kunye ne-glucagon. Okokuqala kunciphisa izinga leswekile egazini, okwenza iiseli ziwuthathe ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye zisebenzise. Okwesibini, ngokuchaseneyo, ukwandisa inani leswekile, okubangela ukuba iiselingi zesibindi kunye nezicubu zomzimba zibuyiselwe. Isifo esiqhelekileyo esibandakanywa nokungaqhelekanga kwi-pancreas senza u-1 isifo sikashukela (okanye isifo sikashukela esisekelwe kwi-insulin). Ikhula ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kweeseli ezivelisa i-insulin, iiseli zamasosha omzimba. Uninzi lwabantwana abanesifo sikashukela baneempawu ze-genome ezinokuthi zilungiselele ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo. Kodwa kubangelwa ukuba usulele okanye uxinzeleleke uxinzelelo. Iiglands ze-adrenal zinegama layo kwindawo. Umntu akakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kweengqungquthela ze-adrenal kunye namahomoni avelisayo, kwaye ezi ziko zibhekwa njengento ebalulekileyo. Kwiprogram yophando lwazo zonke iintsana, uvavanyo lokuphulwa komsebenzi wabo lufakiwe - iziphumo zeengxaki ziya kuba yingozi kakhulu. Iimbumba ze-adrenal zivelisa inani lokurekhoda lamarmone. Iyona edume kakhulu kubo yi-adrenaline. Inceda umzimba ukulungiselela nokuhlangabezana neengozi ezinokwenzeka. Le hormone yenza ukuba intliziyo ibethe ngokukhawuleza kwaye iphompoze igazi elithile kwizitho zentshukumo (ukuba kuyimfuneko ukubalekela), kwandisa ukuphefumla ukunika umzimba umzimba i-oksijeni, kunciphisa ububele kwiintlungu. Iyakwandisa uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphuma kwegazi kwiqondo kunye nezinye izitho ezibalulekileyo. I-Norepinephrin nayo inefuthe elifanayo. I-hormone ebalulekileyo ye-hormone ye-adrenal gland yile cortisol. Kunzima ukubiza nayiphi na inkqubo emzimbeni, apho ayiyi kuba nefuthe. Ixhobisa iifomthi ukukhulula izinto ezigcinwe kwigazi ukuze zonke iiseli zinike izondlo. Indima yeCortisol iyanda ngokuvuvukala. Ikhuthaza ukuveliswa kwezinto ezikhuselekileyo kunye nomsebenzi wamaseli omzimba okufunekayo ukulwa nokuvutha, kwaye ukuba ezi zilandelayo zisebenza (kubandakanywa nezisele zazo), i-cortisol igxotha inzondelelo yabo. Ukuxinezeleka, kuvimba ukuhlukana kweeseli, ukuze umzimba ungasebenzisi amandla kulo msebenzi, kwaye isistim somzimba esiphethwe ngokubeka umyalelo ngokulandelelana angeke siphuthelwe "iisampuli" ezingenasiphelo. I-hormone aldosterone ilawula ukugxininisa emzimbeni wezityalo ezisisiseko zamaminerali - i-sodium ne-potassium. Iingqungquthela zesondo zi-testicles kumakhwenkwe kunye nama-ovari kumantombazana. IiHormones, eziza kuvelisa, ziyakwazi ukutshintsha iinkqubo zokuxilisa. Ngoko, i-testosterone (i-hormone yesona esona sikhulu) inceda ukukhula kwezicubu ze-muscle, inkqubo yesithambo. Yandisa ukondla kwaye ibenze abafana ukuba babe nobudlova. Kwaye, nangona i-testosterone ithathwa njenge-hormone yesilisa, ixhomekeke kubasetyhini, kodwa ingxinano encinane.
Ugqirha!
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana abanobunzima obukhulu kunye nabantwana abalala kakhulu emva koontanga lwabo ekukhuleni bafika kwi-endocrinologist yabantwana. Abazali kunoko bathengise ingqalelo yokuba umntwana uvele phakathi koontanga, kwaye uqala ukufumanisa isizathu. Ezinye ezininzi izifo ze-endocrine azikho izixhobo zobunjani, kwaye ingxaki abazali nabagqirha bahlala beyifumene xa ukukhubazeka sele kushintshile kakhulu umsebenzi welilungu okanye yonke inyama. Jwayise umntwana: umzimba. Kubantwana abancinci, intloko kunye nesiqu esimalunga nobude bomzimba buya kuba mkhulu. Ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-9-10 umntwana uqala ukunweba, kwaye ubukhulu bomzimba wakhe buya kubantu abadala.