Ukuqeqeshwa kwabantwana. Icandelo 2

Umzuzu wokuzalwa ubonakalisa ixesha eliphambili ekuphuhliseni nasekuqiniseni umzimba womzimba wengane. Ngenyanga yokuqala, ukhuseleko lwakho lokuzivikela luya kuncitshiswa, kodwa nangenye indlela. Emva kwakho konke, edlula kwi-canal yokuzalwa, umntwana udibana neebhaktheriya ezintsha, kwaye kwimeko yangaphandle, apho afumana emva kokuzalwa, akazizi ii-microorganism billion. Kwaye ukuba ukukhuseleka kwakomeleleyo kunabantu abadala, umntwana wayengenakukwazi ukumelana nokuphendula komzimba "kubantu abangaziwa." Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iindlela zokuzikhusela kwangasese kwintsana enempilo zichaphazela malunga nama-40-50% omgangatho omdala, kunye ne-synthesis of immunoglobulins - ngo-10-15%. Ingane iyakhathazeka kakhulu kwiintsholongwane kunye ne-microbes, kwaye amathuba okusuleleka aphezulu. Kule nqanaba, kuphela oomama bama-immunoglobulins afunyenwe kwi-utero bamnceda ukumelana nezifo ezithile. Ziyakhusela iimvumba ezivela kuloo mayeza anikezelwe ngumama okanye atyunyiwe (i-diphtheria, i-poliomyelitis, imasisi, i-rubella, inkukhu yenkukhu). Kwakhona ngeli xesha umathumbu uqala ukuba ne-bacterium. Ukongezelela, izilwanyana ezinobuncedo kunye ne-immunoglobulins umntwana ufumana umxube wokufakelwa okanye ubisi lomama. Ukungenelela emathunjini, ezi zinto zenza ukuba kube nzima ukufikelela ezincinci ezincinci, kwaye zikhusele ukukhuselwa kwezifo ezininzi kunye nokugula. Kodwa iimvuthu zengxube ziyalondolozwa kangcono. Emva kwakho konke, kunye nobisi, bafumana ama-antibodies kwiintsholongwane ezenziwa nguMama.

Ekubeni ngeli xesha umntwana usengozini enkulu yezifo, isangqa soqhagamshelwano kufuneka silinganiselwe kwizihlobo eziseduze - abo bantu abahlala nabo. Ukuphuma kwikhaya lokubeletha ukuya kwigumbi kunye nokuthetha nabazali, umntwana uqhubela kancane kancane kwi-"home" microflora, kwaye ikhuselekile kuye. Ukuba iindwendwe zingena endlwini, zicele ukuba zihlambe izandla zazo ngeesepha kwaye zibonise iimvuthu ezikude.

Ngeli xesha kuyimfuneko, ngakwesinye icala, ukugcina ngokungqongqo imigaqo yococeko, kwaye kwenye - ungayidluli. Ngaphandle koko, iipilisi ezifunekayo azikwazi ukuhlala kwesikhumba kunye neembrane ezinamaqabunga, ngaphezu koko, umoya ongenamanzi awuyi kukuvumela ukuba ulwe neebhaktheriya kwaye uhlakulele isistim somzimba. Ukuze ugcine ukulinganisela, ukwanele amaxesha ama-2-3 ngeveki ukwenza ukucoca okumanzi, ukucoca ifenitshala ephakanyisiweyo kunye naso sonke ixesha, ngaphambi kokuya kwintsana, hlamba izandla zakho kakuhle ngeesepha.

Impendulo yomzimba
Iinyanga ezi-3-6 - ixesha lesibini elibalulekileyo. Amanqindi asemakhondweni amakhwenkwe athatyathwa kancinci kwaye emva kweenyanga ezintandathu aphuma emzimbeni. Izifo ziqala ukungena emzimbeni weemvuthu kunye nokuphendula komzimba, ngoko umzimba uqala ukuphuhlisa i-immunoglobulin A, enoxanduva lokuzikhusela komzimba. Kodwa akanakho "imemori" kwiintsholongwane, ngoko ke izitofu ezenziwa ngethuba lixesha, kamva, ziphindaphindiwe. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina ubisi.

Ukuphucula ukukhuselwa kuya kunceda neenkqubo zamanzi. Ukususela kwiinyanga ezi-3 zentsana emva kokuhlambela emfutshane ngamanzi kwiqondo lokushisa malunga nama-degrees angama-35, uthele amanzi, iqondo lokushisa apho iinqanaba eziphantsi. Ungaphinda uwasule kakuhle iimvumba emva kokuba uthathe i-batten mitten, edibene ngamanzi kwiqondo lokushisa kwama-32-34 degrees. Ngemizuzu embalwa, unokusula izandla zentsana ukusuka kwiminwe ukuya emagxeni nasemilenzeni ukusuka kwizinzwane ukuya emadolweni, uze usule omile. Ubushushu bamanzi kufuneka buncitshiswe ngeveki malunga neyure enye, ide ifike kumadireji angama-28.

Iimangalisa zezingane
Iminyaka engama-2-3-ixesha lesithathu elibalulekileyo, ixesha lokuphucula ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo. Ifowuni kunye nehlabathi langaphandle liba likhulu kakhulu, abantwana abaninzi baqala ukuya kwiiyunithi okanye i-nursergart kwaye bahlala begula. Ngokuqhelekileyo eli xesha lokuzilungelelanisa lilibaziseka kwiinyanga ezintandathu okanye ngonyaka. Isizathu sokubanda ngokuphindaphindiweyo singabangela uxinzelelo, ukungathandi komntwana ukutyelela i-nursery okanye ingadi. Kodwa akudingeki ukuba ushiye esikolweni. Iingqombela ezingayi kumyezo okanye i-nursery, okwenyani, agugu kaninzi. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza xa beya kwiklasi yokuqala, baqala ukugula ngakumbi nangakumbi. "Uhlobo" lwabo loontanga ngeli xesha linalo 'lokumazi' kunye neentsholongwane ezininzi ukuze zibambe iqhwalala.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kule minyaka, isifo "sohlobo lwezilwanyana" sihlala ixesha elide kwaye siwela kwelinye. Oku akuthethi ukuba banomzimba obuthathaka. Abantwana abaselula nje badibanisa nenani elikhulu lezilwanyana eziphilayo, iintsholongwane zabo zibuthathaka, kuba i-immunoglobulin A iveliswa ngobuncinane. I-immune system, ngoko ke, iqeqeshe ngokuzimeleyo: ngokubambisana "nabangaphandle" umzimba uvelisa izifo zengqungquthela, eziza kukunceda ekujonganeni nezifo okanye ukungavumeli ukuba kwenzeke. Ukuze ekugqibeleni ifom, i-immunity idinga u-8-12 "uqeqesho" olunjalo ngonyaka.

Kulo mdala kungcono ukwenza ngaphandle kokuxilonga iziyobisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kunokunciphisa intsholongwane yomntwana. Ukongezelela, i-immunostimulants inokuchasene kunye nemiphumo emibi. Iivithamini ezinokulinganisela kunye nokulandelelana kwezinto zokutya, ukuthotyelwa kolawulo lwaloo mini, imisebenzi yomzimba kunye neenkqubo zokunyusa ziya kuba nefuthe elikhulu.

Kananjalo kule minyaka, ngenxa yokutshintshiselana okusebenzayo kwamagciwane ahlukeneyo kunye noontanga, ukukhula okusebenzayo kweetoni kunye ne-lymph nodes kuphawulwe. Le nxu lumano ye-immunity isebenza njengendlela yokuqala yokuzikhusela ezinokukhubazeka kwezifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Xa befumana isifo, bakhula kwaye bavutha. Phantse ngeli xesha, ubuninzi bee-revaccination ziyawa. Zijoliswe ekugcineni umkhuhlane, owenziwe ngexesha lokugonywa kwangaphambili.

Umntu omdala
Kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-7 (ixesha lesine elibalulekileyo), amanqanaba e-immunoglobulins eklasi kunye no-G malunga nomgangatho omdala, inani le-lymphocyte ye-T nelinye li-B liye lisondela kwinani labo kumntu omdala. I-Immunoglobulin A isenako ukufutshane. Ngenxa yoko, izifo zendlela yokuphefumula ngaphezulu kule minyaka zihlala zingapheliyo (i-tonsillitis engapheliyo, i-laryngitis engapheliyo) okanye iphinda iphindaphindiwe. Ukuze ugweme oku, kufuneka uwalumke ngokucophelela kwaye uyaphilise ngokupheleleyo. Kwakhona kwinqanaba lekwindla-ebusika kuyacetyiswa ukunika umntwana i-multivitamines. Iziphakamiso ezithile (inkqubo yokuthatha kunye namagama e-vitamin complexes), kufuneka uqhagamshelane nodokotela wezilwanyana. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ubeke i-immunostimulating drugs, kufuneka uqonde ukuba yeyiphi ikhonkco le-immune system ehluphekayo kwaye yintoni efuna ukuqiniswa. Ulwazi oluchanekileyo ngalokhu lunikezelwa kuphela yi-immunogram ephuhlisiwe. Kodwa abaninzi abantwana banokugula kakhulu kwaye banokukwazi ukujamelana nezifo. Ixabiso le-immunoglobulin E lifikelela kummandla ophezulu, ngoko ke ukuphindaphindiwe kweempembelelo ezithintekayo.