Yintoni umlomo wesibeleko?
Umlomo wesibeleko ufumaneka kwingxenyana engaphantsi kwesibeleko, okanye kwicandelo eliphezulu labesifazane. Le nqanaba elincinci elibizwa ngokuba ngumsele wentsholongwane (okanye umsele ongasenyakatho), ophuma kwisisu ukuya kwindawo yangaphakathi yesisu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ivalwe ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ivumela igazi ukuba liphume kwi-uterus ngexesha lokuya esikhathini. Kwaye kuvumela ukuba isidoda singene ngaphakathi xa ulala ngesondo. Ivula ngokubanzi ngexesha lokubeletha. Umphezulu womlomo wesibeleko uhlanganiswe ngoluhlu lweeseli. Kukho neengqungquthela ezincinci kwiqhekeza lomngcingo wesibeleko ovelisa i-mucus.
Yintoni umdlavuza ngokubanzi?
I-Cancer isifo seeseli emzimbeni. Umzimba unemizigidi yamaseli amancinci. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaseli emzimbeni, kwaye kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza ezivela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Zonke iintlobo zomhlaza zihlangene nento yokuba amangqamuzana omhlaza aqhelekanga kwaye ukuveliswa kwabo kuphuma ngaphandle kokulawula.
Ixhefu elibi linomdlavuza oqhubekayo ukwanda. Zihlasela iintsontelo kunye namalungu omakhelwane, okwenza kube nomonakalo omkhulu. Izibilini ezibi zingasasazeka kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Oku kwenzeka ukuba ezinye iiseli zihluke kwi-tumor yokuqala (eziphambili) kwaye zifake igazi okanye i-lymph, kunye noncedo lwabo kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. La maqela amancinci angakwazi ukuphindaphinda amaxesha amaninzi ngokumalunga nemvelaphi yesifo se-"secondaire" (i-metastase) kwindawo enye okanye ngaphezulu emzimbeni. Ezi zicubu zesekondari zikhula, zihlasele kwaye zonakalise izicubu eziseduze, zisasazeka.
Ezinye iintsholongwane zinzima kunezinye. Abanye babo baphathwa ngokulula, ngakumbi xa ukuxilongwa kwenziwa kwangoko.
Ngoko, umdlavuza awunalo ukuxilongwa. Kwimeko nganye, kubalulekile ukwazi kakuhle uhlobo luni lomhlaza, ukuba lukhulu kangakanani i-tumor, kwaye ingaba kukho i-metastases. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba ufumane ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga neendlela zokonyango.
Yintoni umhlaza wesibeleko?
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zomhlaza wesibeleko.
- I-squamous cell carcinoma yomlomo wesibeleko yinto eqhelekileyo. Ivela kwiiseli zembumbano ezifihla umlomo wesibeleko. Emva koko, baba yingozi.
- I-adenocarcinoma yesibeleko ayifani kakhulu. Ivela kwiiseli ezigwenxa (iiseli ezivelisa i-mucus) ngaphakathi kwinqanawa yomlomo wesibeleko, eyaba yinto embi.
Zombini iintlobo ziyafumaneka kwaye zonyango ngendlela efanayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umdlavuza wesibeleko ukhula kwabasetyhini kwiminyaka yabo-30-40. Kwezinye iimeko - kumaziko asebekhulile nabaselula.
Amatyala amasha angaphezu kwe-100 000 omhlaza wesibeleko afunyaniswa rhoqo ngonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, inani lamatyala afunyanisiweyo liyancipha minyaka yonke. Oku kungenxa yokuba umdlavuza wesibeleko unokuthintelwa ngokucoca rhoqo (smear) yomlomo wesibeleko-uhlalutyo olulula olugqithisiweyo ngexesha lethu ngabafazi abaninzi.
Uvavanyo lomlomo wesibeleko?
Abasetyhini emhlabeni wonke banikezelwa iimvavanyo zokuhlola iziqhelo. Ngethuba lokuhlalutya ngalunye, ezinye iiseli zithathwa emlonyeni womlomo wesibeleko. Ezi iiseli zithunyelwa kwibhubhoratri ukwenzela ukuhlolwa phantsi kwe-microscope. Kwiimvavanyo ezininzi, iiseli zibukeka ziqhelekileyo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kukho i-dyskaryosis yomlomo wesibeleko. I-Dyskaryosis ayikho umhlaza wesibeleko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezinye iiseli zomlomo wesibeleko aziqhelekanga, kodwa azinomdlavuza. Amaseli angaqhelekanga ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba yi "cell precancerous" cells okanye i-cell dysplasia. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokungaqhelekanga, iiseli zomlomo wesibeleko zihlelwa njenge:
- Dyskaryosis. Yilapho kukho iinguqu ezincinane kwiiseli. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kuthiwa yi-CIN 1. Oku kuthetha nge-neoplasia ye-intraepithelial yomlomo wesibeleko.
- I-dyskaryosis echanekileyo (okanye i-CIN 2).
- Ubunzulu dyskaryosis (okanye iCIN 3). Ngeli xesha, iiseli zibukeka zingavamile, kodwa azinasifo somhlaza.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, iiseli "diskyroid" azihambeli kwiiseli zomhlaza. Kwezinye iimeko, babuyela ebomini obuqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ziza kuba ziiseli zomhlaza.
Ukuba unenguqu ezincinane kuphela (i-dyskaryosis elula okanye i-CIN1), unokwenziwa nje uhlalutyo olude ngaphezu kwexesha eliqhelekileyo - emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa okanye njalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iiseli ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga ziya kubuya kusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinyanga eziliqela. Unyango luya kunikwa xa i-anomaly iqhubeka. Kubafazi abaphethe utshintsho oluqhelekileyo okanye olubi kakhulu, ukuhlanjululwa komlomo kwiseli "engavamile" kuya kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kube ngumhlaza.
Yintoni ebangela umdlavuza wesibeleko?
I-Cancer iqala ngeseli enye. Kukholelwa ukuba into itshintsha utshintsho oluthile kwiseli. Oku kwenza ukuba iseli ibe yinto engavamile kwaye ukuveliswa kwayo kuphuma kulawulo. Kwimeko yesifo somhlaza wesibeleko, umhlaza uvela kwiseli esele ingaqhelekanga ekuqaleni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zisemzimbeni kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kokuba ziqale ukuphindaphinda kwaye zikhule zibe yintlungu yomhlaza. Ukuguqulwa kokuqala kweeseli zomlomo wesibeleko kubangelwa ukusuleleka kumpapillomavirus yabantu.
I-papillomavirus yabantu (HPV) kunye nomhlaza wesibeleko.
Abaninzi abasetyhini abahlakulela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeleko banesifo sengculaza ye-HPV ngexesha elithile ebomini babo. Zininzi iintlobo zegciwane le-HPV. Abanye babo badibene nomhlaza wesibeleko.
Kwamanye amabhinqa, iintsholongwane zegciwane le-papilloma ezinxulumene nomhlaza wesibeleko zibonakala zichaphazela iiseli ezifihla umlomo wesibeleko. Oku kubanika ithuba elingcono lokuba ngamaseli angaqhelekanga, okuza kuthi kamva (ngokuqhelekileyo kwiminyaka emininzi kamva) ibe yintsholongwane yomhlaza. Kodwa qaphela: ininzi yabasetyhini abanetyholongwane yale miqolo yegciwane le-papilloma abahlali nomhlaza. Kwiintsholongwane ezininzi, i-immune system ihlangabezana ne-virus ngaphandle kokulimala komzimba. Kukho kuphela inani elincinci labasetyhini abanetyholongwane kule ntsho yegciwane le-papilloma eliqhubekayo ukuvelisa iiseli ezingaqhelekanga, ngoko ngezinye iimeko ziqhubela umhlaza wesibeleko.
Umgudu wegciwane le-papilloma unxulumene nomhlaza wesibeleko, kwaye phantse njalo usasazeka ngesondo kumntu osulelekileyo. I-HPV kaninzi ayibangeli iimpawu. Ngaloo ndlela, awukwazi ukuxelela ukuba wena okanye umntu olala naye osulele ngesondo unesifo sengomnye we-papillomavirus yabantu.
Okwangoku, iimvavanyo zenziwa ukuhlola izitofu eziye zaphuhliswa kwi-HPV. Ukuba usulelo lwe-HPV lunokuthintela ngeigonyo, mhlawumbi ukuphuhliswa komhlaza wesibeleko kuya kukuthintela.
Izinto ezibangela umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wesibeleko.
Izinto ezibangela ingozi yomhlaza wesibeleko ziquka:
- Ukutshaya. Amakhemikhali asegayimeni angena kwigazi kwaye anokuchaphazela imeko yeeseli kuwo wonke umzimba. Abasetyhini ababhemayo banokuthi bahlupheke kwizifo kunokungabhemi. Kuyafana nakwezinye iintsholongwane, kuquka umhlaza wesibeleko. Iikhemikhali zokutshaya ziyakuchukumisa umzimba wokuzivikela kwaye ngezinye iindlela zenza uncinci ukulwa neziphumo ezibangelwa yi-HPV.
- Isistim somzimba esilawulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abane-AIDS kunye nabantu abathabatha i-immunosuppressants banomngcipheko ophezulu. Amasosha omzimba anceda ukukhusela kumpapillomavirus yabantu, kwaye unceda ukutshabalalisa amaseli "angavamile." Ukuba isistim somzimba sakho sokuzivikela singasebenzi ngokupheleleyo, awukwazi ukulwa nokusuleleka kwe-HPV kunye nokuphuhliswa kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga, kwaye unomngcipheko omkhulu wokuba nomhlaza wesibeleko.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamapilisi okulawula ukuzalwa kokudala iminyaka emihlanu okanye ngaphezulu.
- Emva kokuzalwa kwabantwana abahlanu okanye ngaphezulu.
- Imiphumo yangaphambili yezifo ezahlukeneyo zesondo, ezifana ne-chlamydia.
Ziziphi iimpawu zomhlaza wesibeleko?
Ungeke ube naso naziphi iimpawu ekuqaleni, xa i-tumor encinci. Xa i-tumor iba enkulu, kwiimeko ezininzi, uphawu lokuqala luyi-bleeding yangokwemvelo, njengale:
- Ukuhlamba phakathi kwemijikelezo.
- Ukuhlamba emva kwesondo.
- Naluphina igazi lokuphuma kwindoda kubasetyhini emva kokumisa umva.
Impawu zokuqala kwezinye iimeko zikhupha umfazi okanye intlungu ngesini.
Zonke iimpawu ezingentla zibangelwa zizimo ezahlukileyo. Kodwa ukuba ufumana nayiphi na le mpawu, kufuneka uxoxe ngale ngcaciso nogqirha wakho. Ngexesha elide, ukuba umhlaza usasazeka kwezinye iindawo zomzimba, ezinye iimpawu ezihlukeneyo nazo ziyakhula.
Umdlavuza wesibeleko uhlolwe njani?
Ukuqinisekiswa kokuxilongwa.
Ugqirha ngokuqhelekileyo wenza uvavanyo lwesisu xa unempawu ezingabonisa umdlavuza wesibeleko. Ukuba ukrokreza umhlaza, ngokuqhelekileyo i-colposcopy iya kwenziwa. Olu luhlolisiso olunzulu lwe-cervix. Kulo vavanyo, isibuko sifakwa kwisini, ukuze umlomo wesibeleko uhlolisiswe ngenyameko. Ugqirha usebenzisa i-glass magnifying (colposcope) ukuhlola umlomo wesibeleko ngokubanzi. Uviwo luza kuthatha malunga nemizuzu eyi-15. Kwi-colposcopy ngokuqhelekileyo ucingo lwesiqwenga sesisu somsi wesisu (i-biopsy) senziwa. Isampuli ke ihlolwe phantsi kwe-microscope ukujonga ubukho bamaseli omhlaza.
Uvavanyo lobuninzi kunye nokusabalaliswa komhlaza.
Ukuba ukuxilongwa kuyenziwe, uphando olungakumbi luyacelwa ukuba luhlole ukuba umhlaza usasazeke kangakanani. Ngokomzekelo, ukwenza i-CT, i-MRI, i-X-ray esifubeni, i-ultrasound, iimvavanyo zegazi, uphando phantsi kwe-aneshesia ye-uterus, i-bladder okanye i-rectum. Olu vavanyo lubizwa ngokuba "ukuseka umlinganiselo womhlaza". Injongo yalo kukufumanisa:
- Ingakanani isisu esiye sakhula, nokuba sithintele ezinye izitho ezikufuphi, ezifana nesilwanyana okanye i-rectum.
- Ingaba umhlaza usasazeke kwii-lymph nodes zendawo.
- Ingaba umhlaza usasazeke kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.
Kuninzi kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo lokuqala, kunye neziphumo ze-biopsy. Ngokomzekelo, i-biopsy ingabonisa ukuba umhlaza usesikweni sokuqala kwaye uhlala kuphela kwiiseli ezingenasiphelo somlomo wesibeleko. Akunakwenzeka ukuba usasazeke, kwaye akudingeki ukuba uphumelele kwezinye iimvavanyo ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umhlaza ubonakala ngathi "ungayitshitshisi" kwaye mhlawumbi ukwandisa phambili iimvavanyo kunye neemvavanyo ezifunekayo. Emva kokuba ufunde isigaba somhlaza, kulula ukuba oogqirha banike iingcebiso kwiindlela ezingcono zonyango.
Izinketho zokunyanga umdlavuza wesibeleko.
Iindlela zokonyango ezinokuqwalaselwa ziquka ukuhlinzwa, unyango lwe-radiation, i-chemotherapy, okanye ukudibanisa kwezi zonyango. Unyango lukhuthazwa kwimeko nganye kwaye kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, isigaba somhlaza (ubuninzi besifo senyuka kwaye nokuba sisasazeka), kunye nempilo yakho yonke.
Kufuneka uxoxe ngokuxilongwa kwakho ngokuchanekileyo kunye neengcali ezijongene necala lakho. Uya kuba nako ukufumanisa iingenelo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwemeko yakho, izinga lempumelelo, iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kunye nolunye ulwazi malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango onokuzikhethela uhlobo lwakho kunye nesigaba somhlaza.
Kufuneka uxoxe ngeengcali ngenjongo yokonyango. Umzekelo:
- Kwezinye iimeko, unyango lujoliswe ngqo ekupheliseni umhlaza. Umhlaza wesibeleko unako unyango, ingakumbi ukuba unyango lukwimiqathango yokuqala yesifo. Oogqirha badla ukusebenzisa igama elithi "ukuxolelwa" esikhundleni segama elithi "unyango". Ukuxolelwa kuthetha ukuba akukho bungqina bomdlavuza emva kokunyanga. Ukuba "uxolelwe" - uphiliswa okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, umhlaza uphindela emva kweenyanga okanye iminyaka. Yingakho amaxesha amaxesha abagqirha abafuni ukusebenzisa igama elithi "unyango" lomhlaza.
- Kwezinye iimeko, unyango lujoliswe ekulawuleni umhlaza. Ukuba ukuphilisa akunakwenzeka, kuninzi kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukukhula nokusabalaliswa komhlaza ukuze kungaphumeleli ngokukhawuleza. Oku kunokukugcina ukhululekile kweempawu kwexesha elithile.
- Kwezinye iimeko, unyango lujolise ekunciphiseni iimpawu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umhlaza usufikelele kwisigaba sokugqibela, isigulane sinokufuna i-aneshesia okanye ezinye iindlela zonyango ukunceda ukulahla intlungu kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Ukuhlinzwa.
Ugqirha ukususa isisu (hysterectomy) yindlela eqhelekileyo yokonyango. Kwezinye iimeko, xa umhlaza usesikhatheni, ungashenxisa inxalenye yentamo yesifo somhlaza ngaphandle kokususa i-uterus yonke.
Ukuba umhlaza usasazeke kwezinye iimbutho, ukungenelela ngoncedo kunokucetyiswa kunye nezinye iindlela zokwelapha. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, xa umhlaza usasazeke kwezinye izitho eziseduze, utyando olunzulu lunokukhetha. Kule meko, kuyimfuneko ukususa kuphela umlomo wesibeleko kunye nombele ngokwawo, kodwa nakwezinye iinxalenye zezitho ezinokuchaphazeleka. Le nto idla ngokugqithiseleyo kunye / okanye i-rectum.
Nangona umhlaza usesigxina sokugqibela kwaye awukwazi ukuphiliswa, ezinye iindlela zokugqirha zingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa iimpawu. Umzekelo, ukuququzelela ukukhutshwa kwamathumbu okanye umchamo, obangelwa kukusabalaliswa komhlaza.
Ukunyanga kwamayeza.
Ulwaphulo lwe-radiation lonyango olusebenzisa amandla aphezulu e-radiation axhamla kwiisisu zomhlaza. Ibulala amangqamuzana omhlaza okanye eyeke ukuveliswa kwazo. Ulwaphulo lwe-radiation lungasetyenziselwa kuphela kwizigaba zokuqala zomhlaza wesibeleko kwaye lunokuthi lube yindlela yokuhlinzwa. Kwimizuzu emithathu yomhlaza, unyango lwamayeza lungenziwa ngaphandle kokunye iindlela zokonyango.
Iindidi ezimbini zonyango lwe-radiation zisetyenziselwa umhlaza wesibeleko: zangaphandle nangaphakathi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, zombini iintlobo zisetyenzisiweyo.
- Radiotherapy yangaphandle. Nayi imilayezo ijoliswe kumaseli omhlaza esivela kwi-device-emitter ekhethekileyo. Olu luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-radiotherapy, elisetyenziselwa ezininzi iintlobo zomhlaza.
- I-radiotherapy yangaphakathi (i-brachytherapy). Olu unyango luquka ukubeka i-radioactive encinci ngokukhawuleza kwimizuzu emfutshane kwaye uyisuse. Isikhundla saso sigxininiswe kwisisu.
Nangona umhlaza awukwazi ukuphiliswa, unyango lwe-radiation lungaqhubeka lusetyenziswa ukunciphisa iimpawu. Ngokomzekelo, unyango lwe-radiation lungasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa izicubu zesibini ezikhulayo kwezinye iindawo zomzimba kwaye zenze intlungu.
Chemotherapy.
I-Chemotherapy yonyango lomhlaza ngoncedo lweziyobisi ezichasene nomhlaza ezibulala amangqamuzana omhlaza okanye ukuyeka ukuveliswa kwazo. I-Chemotherapy inokubonelelwa ngokukongeza kwipilisi yonyango okanye ukuhlinzwa kwezinye iimeko.