Imfundo engeyiyo embi njengengxaki yezokwelapha kunye nentlalo

I-oncology yintsimi yonyango ejongene nophando kunye nonyango lwe-neoplasms ezimbi. I-oncologist isebenza kunye nezinye iingcaphephe zokuphatha izigulane ezinezihlamba, ukuzama ukubanika ithuba elihle lokusinda. I-Oncology ibhekisela kulwahlulo lwamayeza, oluhlola izizathu zokuqala, ezendalo kunye nophuhliso kunye neendlela zokwelapha izicubu. I-tumor ephazamisayo iyenzeka xa ukulawulwa kweenkqubo zemvelo zesahlulo seesistim kulawulwa, ngenxa yokuba ukukhula nokuhlaziywa kwezicubu kudla ngokuqhelekileyo. Oku kubangela ukwanda okungalawulwayo kwimizimba yeeseli ezingaqhelekanga ezikhula zibe zicubu ezinempilo kwaye ziwachithe. I-tumor ingenzeka kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yomzimba. Ezinye iindidi ze-neoplasms zikhokelela ekufeni. Imfundo embi, njengengxaki yezokwelapha kunye nentlalo - isihloko sesihloko.

Iimbangela zeethambo ezimbi

I-neoplasm engafanelekanga ingenzeka nanini na. Nangona kunjalo, ininzi yabo ifumaneka kubantu abadala kuneminyaka engama-50. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umdlavuza ukhula ngokuthe ngcembe kwiminyaka emininzi phantsi kwefuthe lokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukutya, ukuziphatha nokufa. Izizathu zokubonakala kweemvumba aziqondi kakuhle, nangona kunjalo, kwaziwa ukuba iimpawu ezithile zokuphila zinganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuphuhlisa uninzi lwezifo zomhlaza. Ngokomzekelo, ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukutya okunempilo kunye nokuzivocavoca ngokulinganisela kunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza ngaphezu kwama-60%.

Uphuhliso lwezonyango

Ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kunye nokonyango kwezidumbu ezibi kakhulu kwandisa amathuba okusinda isigulane. Ukongezelela, ukuqhubela phambili kwamhlanje ekuchonge iindlela zokuphuhliswa kwabo kuye kwanciphisa ukufa kwabantu kwaye kunika ithemba ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezingcono zonyango kwixesha elizayo. Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, ukuxilongwa komhlaza kwasala ithemba elincinci lokusinda, njengoko kwakungekho ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga nesimo sesi sifo nendlela yokulwa nayo ngokufanelekileyo. Namhlanje emazweni athuthukile ukuya kwi-60% yazo zonke izigulane zomhlaza zihlala iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukuhlaselwa kwangaphambili. Iqumrhu ngalinye liqulethwe ezininzi iintlobo zezicubu. Izifo ezibi kakhulu zivela kwenye yezona ntlobo zontathu eziphambili ze-tissue-epithelial, i-connective okanye i-hematopoietic.

• I-carcinoma isifo esibi esivela kwiisisu ze-epithelial (iisisitye ezinobumba phezu kwesikhumba kunye neembumba zezitho zangaphakathi - umzekelo, imiphunga, isisu kunye nesisu esikhulu). I-90% yazo zonke iziganeko zezicubu ezibi ziyi-carcinomas.

• I-Sarcoma ivela kwizicubu ezixhamlayo, eziquka i-muscular, bone, i-cartilaginous kunye namafutha anamafutha. I-Sarcomas ayifani ngokuqhelekileyo kunee-carcinomas, i-accounting kuphela malunga ne-2% yezidumbu ezimbi.

• I-leukemia ivela kwimizimba ye-hematopoietic, kwaye i-lymphomas ivela kwi-lymphatic.

I-neoplasm engathandekiyo isoloko ixilongwa xa isigulane sibheka iimpawu ezingavamile kwaye sihlolisisa umgqirha. Emva kokuba afunde i-anamnesis kwaye eqhuba uvavanyo olunzulu, ugqirha uvavanya iimpawu kwaye uyalathisa isigulane kwiyunithi ye-oncology ukuze uviwo luqhubeke. Ekuxilongweni komhlaza, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisetyenziselwa ukugweba ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwe-tumor kwinkqubo emzimbeni.

Ezi ziquka:

• iindlela zokugcina, ukuvumela ukuhlola iingcambu zangaphakathi zomzimba;

• uvavanyo lokuhlola;

• iindlela zokucinga (ikhompyutheni kunye nokucatshulwa kwemifanekiso emagnesi).

Xa i-tumor ifunyenwe, i-oncologist incoma i-biopsy ngokuthatha isampuli encinane yeesisisi, ephononongwa phantsi kwe-microscope ukubona ukuba i-tumor iyingozi okanye ayibi. Ukuba i-tumor iyingozi, isigaba senkqubo ye-tumor sinqunywe.

Izindlela zokonyango

I-oncology yanamhlanje ineendlela eziliqela zokunyanga izifo ezingekho embi. Ukukhetha kwabo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesisu kunye nesigaba sesifo. Iindlela eziphambili zonyango kwi-oncology zi:

• ukungenelela kokuphaphaza - kuquka i-laser kunye neendlela zokucwangcisa ezincinci;

• I-Immunotherapy - iindlela ezijolise ekuvuseleleni iziganeko zomzimba zomzimba okanye ukusebenzisa i-antibodies ukuba zichaphazele ngqo iiseli zomhlaza;

• unyango lwe-hormone - ukusebenzisa ama-hormone ukulwa nezicubu ezinzima;

• Ukwelashwa kwamayeza - ukusetyenziswa kwemisebe ye-ionizing ukutshabalalisa i-tumor;

• I-Chemotherapy - ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinamandla.

Unyango oluhlangeneyo

Kwonyango lomhlaza, kukho imfuneko yokudibanisa iindlela ezininzi (umzekelo, utyando okanye i-radiotherapy elandelwa nguqulelo kwi-chemotherapy). Kwimeko yokufumanisa kwangaphambili i-tumor kunye nokungabikho kwe-metastases, unyango oluvame ukunika iziphumo ezilungileyo. Kwezinye iintlobo zezidumbu, umzekelo, isifo somlomo wesibeleko, i-larynx kunye nomhlaza wesikhumba, ubuchule bokuhlinzwa obuncinci (umzekelo, ukuhlinzwa ngokugqithisileyo) kunokusetyenziswa. Kwezinye iimeko, ugqirha okanye olunye unyango luyenziwa ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi besigulane okanye ukuphelisa iimpawu ezingathandekiyo, nangona oku kungenzi ithuba lokubuyisela. Eli nyango lubizwa ngokuba yi-palliative. Ngokungafani nokuhlinzwa, unyango lwe-radiation lunokutshabalalisa amangqamuzana omhlaza womhlaza oye wasasazeka kwiimicu ezijikelezayo. Ukongezelela, kubagulane abadala okanye ababuthakathaka, le ndlela ihlala ihamba nomngcipheko ophantsi kunokuba unyango.