Izidakamizwa zeziyobisi zihlala zihlutha kakhulu isibindi, isifo senhliziyo, isisu kunye nomonakalo wesantya. Umzimba wabo unobuthakathaka kakhulu ngenxa yokuxiliswa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba nayiphi na ingcinezelo yomzimba, njengokukhulelwa nokubeletha, kunokukhokelela kwiinkathazo ezibi kakhulu, ukufikelela kwisiphumo esibulalayo.
Amantombazana amaninzi kunye nabasetyhini abancinci badla ngokuzibuza ukuba iziyobisi zingathonya njani ukukhulelwa komntwana kunye nexesha elizayo ekuthwaleni ukuba ithuba lokusebenzisa iziyobisi sele lidlulileyo okanye iziyobisi ezisetyenzisiweyo zibuthathaka? Kufuneka ukuba ukhumbule kanye kunye nonke, akukho zidakamizwa ezibuthathaka. Wonke umntu uye wakuva i-hypothesis yokuba ayikho i-addicts yobisi ngaphambili. Ngokwengxenye oku kuyinyaniso. Emva koko, iziyobisi ziqala emzimbeni kwindlela enokuthi yonakalise ukuba inomzimba okhuselekileyo uhamba phambi kwakhe, ungakhankanyeli umzimba womfazi olindele umntwana.
Umnqweno wesini wesigxina somlweliso uyancitshiswa ngenxa yokuphola okubukhali kwinqanaba le-hormones yesini eqinisekisa ukuba umntwana uyakhulelwa kwaye asebenze ukugcina ukukhulelwa okufikile. Nangona kunjalo, i-25% yezilonda kunye namava anomntwana omnye okanye ababini. Ngelishwa, aba bantwana bahlaselwa ebomini obunzima ngenxa yezifo ezingapheliyo.
Ukuba sicinga ngokucacileyo ukuba izidakamizwa zingathintela njani ukukhulelwa komntwana kwinqanaba lokubunjwa kwe-gamete, ngoko malunga nalo mfanekiso uza kutsalwa: kwii-gametes ezenziwe phantsi kweempembelelo zendalo, i-chromosomes iphuka, nto leyo ibangela ukukhipha isisu (i-miscarriage) yombungu. Ewe, xa kwenzeka kwiinqanaba zokuqala, kulo mzekelo, ukuphuma kwegazi kwenzeka kwaye ukukhulelwa kuphazamiseka. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iziganeko ezichasayo apho umntwana ekudlulayo, ekugqibeleni, ngokugqithiseleyo, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ii-chromosome ezinobungozi ezinobungozi zenza i-chromosomal engafanelekanga. Ibungu liba ngumbungu, i-embrayo iqala ukuba ngumntwana, kunye nesisu esilungeleyo siqala ukulibaziseka okukhulu ekuphuhliseni, ukungaphumeleli kwengqondo, apho ubomi obupheleleyo bukhutshwa ngaphandle. Kutheni oku kwenzekayo?
Umphumo onobungozi weziyobisi kwi-embryo ingaba yindlela engathanga ngqo (ukuphazanyiswa kokubunjwa kwamahomoni, utshintsho kwi-uterine mucosa) kunye nangoko (umonakalo kwisakhiwo seseli somntwana). Nasiphi na iziyobisi zingathintela i-placenta, iyaba yintlupheko, iyadlula i-oksijeni, ize ibangele i-hypoxia yobushushu obubi. Umzimba omncinci womntwana okhulayo uya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezidakisayo ezithathwe ngumama ozayo. Izidakamizwa, ezinobuncinane be-enzyme mass, ziphuma ngokukhawuleza ziphuma emzimbeni, kwaye ixesha elide lijikeleza ngokujikeleza kwe-fetal circulatory system.
Umama oza kuxhomekeka kweziyobisi ongenasidlangalazo akafaneki athathe umntwana ngaphambi komhla obekufunekayo, kwaye oku kuyingozi kakhulu. Isisindo somzimba esinganeleyo sisona siqhelekileyo ngokuxhomekeka kweziyobisi ngexesha lokukhulelwa nokukhulelwa. Ngako oko, ukuzalwa komntwana ngaphambi kwexesha, kwaye nangona ubunzima obunamandla obuthathaka, kusongela ukungaphuhliswa kwamalungu amaninzi, ngokuqhelekileyo ngesiphumo esibulalayo. Oomama osandul 'ukutshaya izidakamizwa zixhatshazwa yi-hydrocephalus (ukunciphisa okukhulu kwengqondo kunye namazinga okukhula okuqhelekileyo kwezinye iindawo zomzimba). I-hydrocephalus eyingozi iyaziwa ngabaninzi: ukugula komzimba, ukuhlutha kwengqondo, ukulibala kwengqondo kunye neengxaki ezingaphezulu kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwimeko yoluntu.
Umbuzo wendlela amayeza angachaphazela ngayo ukukhulelwa komntwana, sele sithethe. Akuyi kuba yinto engathandekiyo yokukhumbula into eyenzakalisa ngayo umonakalo kumntwana ozelweyo kakade. Iiyure ezingama-24-48 zokuqala emva kokuzalwa kwakhe, umntwana wengumama oxhomekeke kwichiza uhlakulela ukunyuka kwe-abstinence syndrome. Ukuba owesifazane okhulelweyo usebenzisa i-methadone okanye ezinye iziyobisi ezizululisayo kumafutha, umntwana uya kuziva iimpawu zokuxhomekeka kweziyobisi kungekudala, kodwa ezimbini ukuya kwiiveki ezintathu kamva, ngamanye amaxesha emva koko. Iimpawu zengxubevange "yokuhlukana" emntwaneni yilezi: umkhuhlane, ukuvuvukala kwe-nasopharyngeal mucosa, ukuthukuma, ukukrazula nokudibanisa. Ku nokuba nexesha lokusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, unobuthakathaka obuncinci ukubeleka, kunye nesimo esicacileyo sokuvuselela. Umntwana udlalisa iinyembezi, unesisindo, ulambile kwaye unemihlali.
Ukuba kuyaziwa ukuba unina osandul 'ukwenziwa ngumlutha weziyobisi, ngoko ke kwigumbi lokunikezela unikwe i-naloxone. Emva koko umchamo womama nomntwana uhlalutyiweyo kumxholo wezinto zonyango. Ezinye iziyobisi zingabangela umntwana osanda kuzalwa ngesifo esinamandla kakhulu sokurhoxisa, esifuna unyango olukhawuleza nge diazepam okanye phenobarbital. Ulwaphulo olunjalo luyenziwa de kube iimpawu ziphele ngokupheleleyo (ukusuka kwiintsuku ezine ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3-4).
Abantwana abanempilo yabo ephazamiseka yimpembelelo engapheliyo yeziyobisi ezithatyathwe ngabaama ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwixesha elide, baninzi bahlushwa ngenxa yokuphungulwa kwengqondo, kunzima ukufunda nokuthetha, ukukhathazeka kunye nobudlova. Iimanani ezingenakulinganiswa: ukukhulelwa komntwana kwindawo yokuxiliswa kweziyobisi, ukuzala kunye nokuzalwa kwayo kunye ne-hangover syndrome kwenza ubomi obusondeleyo kulomntwana bube buhlungu ngokucacileyo. Phantse isiqingatha sala bantwana, ukususela ebusheni, bathabatha iziyobisi.
Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokucinga ngokukhulelwa komntwana, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iinyanga ezilisithoba umntu azichitha kwisibeleko somama ngamanye amaxesha zixesha eliyimfuneko elichaphazela ubomi bakhe bonke. Ukuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi kunye nokubeletha umntwana onoyolo oluhleyo ngumdlalo oqhoshayo apho umfazi okholelwa ukuba kukho izidakamizwa ezilula kunye nabangaphambili bezilwanyana ezidakayo kufuneka babe nako ukukwazi.