Ubulili besini kunye namasundu endalo

Ngendlela uhlobo lokuthatha isigqibo sokuzalelwa yinkwenkwana okanye intombazana, yaziwa kwi-biology yesikolo. Ulwazi lwethu lofuzo lufakwe kwi-kromosomes ezingama-46, ezingama-23 zazo zingabamama kwaye zisemqandeni, kunye nama-23 - oomatshato, kwi-spermatozoon.

I-chromosome engama-46 eqhutyelwa ngedoda enquma isondo: ukuba i-X i-chromosome, intombazana iza kuzalwa xa i-Y yinkwenkwe. Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezilula nakwilo nqanaba lophuhliso, xa iiseli zinokubalwa kwiminwe. Abantu abaninzi bavela kwihlabathi abangenayo i-chromosomes ethile okanye abanee-chromosomes ezongezelelweyo. Ubulili besini kunye namasundu endalweni badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu yobomi.


Iingcali zibiza le pathology polysemy. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yipolysiyomi enye ye-X yecromosome emadodeni: ku-1 000 abafana, aba-2 ukuya ku-3 bazalwa nayo. Baye banciphisa ukuveliswa kwe testosterone. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kukhokelela ekungabikho kwempilo, ngamanye amaxesha - ukubonakala kwempawu zesini zesibini ngohlobo lwentlobokazi, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo umphathi we-chromosome "eyongezelelweyo" akanakuze akrokre. Kukho nabasetyhini abangenayo i-X-chromosome yesibini-ebusheni, basemva kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwabo kwiontanga zabo-okanye bavele bengabonakali.


Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwe- biologist wase - Amerika u-Anne Fausto-Sterling, i-1.7% yabantu bazalwa ngeempawu zoxhatshazo zesini - kubonakala ngathi bambalwa, kodwa kubonke baba zigidi zabantu.

I-Fausto-Sterling ibizwa enye yemisebenzi yayo ethandwayo "IiSondo eziTlanu: Kutheni ukwahlukana kube ngamadoda nabasetyhini akuphelelanga." Ngokombono wakhe, ngaphandle kwamadoda kunye nabesifazana, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa i-hermaphrodites, apho iimpawu zesini zesibini zihlukana ngokwahlukileyo (herm), okanye kunye nemimandla yeemerm (imerm) okanye imimandla (ferm) nemisebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho "iindawo ezongezelelweyo" rhoqo: umzekelo, oogqirha bezandla abangazange bazi nto malunga nama-chromosomes, bakholelwa ukuba kwisibeleko samabhinqa kukho amagumbi amathathu-ngokuzala abafana abafana, amantombazana kunye nama-hermaphrodites. Ubundlobongela besini kunye namasundu endalweni babonwa njengabantu bonke, kodwa ngaphandle kwabantu - i-hermaphrodites.


Nangona kunjalo, nangaphandle kokudideka kwe- chromosomal , ukuzimisela ngokwesondo kuyinkqubo ende. Ukwenziwa kwesondo kwenzeka kwiinqanaba eziliqela, kwaye iingxaki zinokwenzeka kwi ngasinye. Ukongezelela kwizesondo zofuzo, i-gonadal (eyenziwe kwinqanaba lokwahlukana kwezitho zangasese zangaphakathi zegonads), i-hormonal (kuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi ye-hormonal kunye ne-predominance ye-androgens okanye i-estrogens), i-somatic (enqunywe yimpawu zangaphandle zesini) kunye noluntu (olubhalwe kwisatifikethi sokuzalwa kunye namanye amaxwebhu).

Ukongezelela, bathetha nangentsimi yengqondo - ukuqonda komntu ngokwakhe njengendoda okanye ibhinqa, okanye ubunzima obunobuninzi bezinto ezithile. Ukusebenzisa ilungelo elifanayo, banquma ukutshintsha isondo (i-somatic kunye ne-hormonal, kunye ne-civil) ezithandanayo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezilwanyana ezidityanisiweyo ukuze kulungelelaniswe i-physiology kunye nokuziqonda kwangaphakathi.


Ithenda yethenda

Kutheni inethuba lokuthatha isigqibo ngokuzimeleyo, ukuba yindoda okanye ibhinqa, yavela kungekudala? Mhlawumbi, ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, kukuguqulwa komzekelo wentsapho kunye nokunyuka kwempembelelo kwimihlali yoluntu yamadoda nabasetyhini. Okwesibini, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zokuzalwa kunye nokuzalwa komama, kungabhekiseli ukuthotyelwa komntwana, vumela ukuba usapho luzalise ubufazi abangatshatanga kunye nemibhangqwana yesini. Ubundlobongela awusayi "isifo esinqunyiwe ngaphambili," njengoko uSigmund Freud wabhala. Sinethuba lokukhetha imodeli yokuziphatha ebonakala ikhululekile kuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ithathwa ngokuba "yindoda" okanye "isetyhini." Kwaye nantsi enye uhlobo lwesini-isondo sesini, okanye ithenda. Ubulili besini kunye namasundu endalo kubaluleke kakhulu.


I-Tender ifaka i-set set of behaviors ehambelana namadoda okanye amabhinqa: "ubukhulu bomntu" okanye "ubufazi" kwintsingiselo ecacileyo la magama. Iintlobo zengqondo zihluke ngokuxhomekeke kwimimiselo ekhoyo kuluntu. Ngokomzekelo, kwiingqungquthela zaseYurophu ezinobungqina bangekhulu le-18, imbono yobuninzi ayifakwanga nje kuphela ukukwazi ukukhangela ikrele, kodwa i-sap in the field of cosmetics kunye ne-parfumery. Ngaphandle kokuyiqonda, "ama-Amazons amasha" anamhlanje angatshintsha ukuziphatha kwabo ngokwesini ngexesha elithile: kwiphepha leemoto kwintlanganiso yokusebenza okanye ebonisa intsebenzo ebonakalayo eyahlukeneyo, ngamanye amaxesha iimpawu "ezingabonakaliyo", kunokuba zibonise i-salon okanye ihambahamba nomntwana. Nangona kunjalo, ukudala ukungathandabuzeki kuye kwachazwa ukuba ubugwenxa kunye negunya liyingxenye ebalulekileyo "yobuninzi", kwaye "ubufazi" bubumnene kunye nobuthakathaka.

Kukho inqaku eliqhelekileyo lezesondo zentlalo - bigender. Kuvela kubantu abavakalelwa ngokwabo njengendoda, ngoko njengowesifazane, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha, indlela yokuthetha kunye nelexicon. Phakathi kwamantombazana amancinci, ngokukodwa abameli bee-subcultures ezingaqhelekanga, unokudibana nabo bathetha ngokwabo emasculini ("ndathi", "ndaya"), kungekhona ukuguqulwa kwamathambo okanye ama-lesbians. Ubukhulu besibhinqa kunokuba kugxininise ukuba asikho ngokupheleleyo kwiinkcubeko zobuhlanga: "Ukuzama ukuthetha nokuziphatha njengento yesondo eqinileyo, abafazi abazikhethele igalelo elincomekayo kubo, eluntwini lombuso."


Sifunda imizekelo yokuziphatha kwezesini ebuntwaneni xa sikwazisa ngesini. Ngeli xesha, ukufunda kuqala ngeziganeko ezibonakalayo kwimbono yabazali bethu, amakhwenkwe okanye amantombazana: yokuqala imoto yemidlalo, eyesibili - ngamadonki, owokuqala akufanele akhale, okwesibini ukulwa ... Kodwa ngaphandle kokusasazwa kobulili ngamagama, abazali baphakamisa abantwana babo umzekelo abantwana bafunda ngokukhawuleza: "Njengoko umama noba baziphatha ngale ndlela, kuthetha ukuba kulungile." Emva kwakho konke, umama ekumelelweni komntwana ngumfanekiso woMfazi ofanelekileyo, kunye noyise woMntu ofanelekileyo.

Ubunjani bobulili bezentengiselwano eziza kwenziwa? Ezi ntombi zihlala zikhuliswe kwintsapho equkethe unina onamandla kunye noyise obuthathaka, kwaye ufumene imodeli yobudlelwane obunjalo kuphela. Emva koko, banokuzama ukudibanisa namadoda, kodwa ekubeni batshintshela imodeli efunyenwe ebuntwaneni babo kubundlelwane babo, bahlala bekhetha ulwalamano olufanayo noyise wabo kwaye badidekile kumadoda ngokubanzi. Singaqonda kakuhle ngathi kunye neembono zethu malunga nesimo sengqondo zesini, ukuba siyakhumbula izinto ezithatyathwe ngubaba kunye nonina, okanye abanye abantu abadala.


Enyanisweni , phantse naziphi na iziphumo eziphuma kwiingcamango ezinokuthi "zindoda" kunye "nabesifazane" zingabizwa ngokuthi "isondo lesithathu" - kwaye ukubonakaliswa kwayo kuninzi kunokuba kubonakale. Ubunjalo bwanamhlanje akufuneki ukuba "sibe ngabasetyhini" rhoqo kwisibini. Kuninzi kakhulu kufuneka siba ngabantu nje. Ihlabathi lihambela ukuqonda jikelele ukuba into ephambili ayikho phakathi kwemilenze yakho, kodwa yintoni phakathi kweendlebe zakho.