Ukongeza kokukhwehlela, iimpawu ze-bronchitis ezingapheliyo zi nokuba: ukuphefumula okufutshane-kwinqanaba lokuqala le sifo livela kuphela ngokuzikhandla ngokomzimba; ixesha elidlulayo lithetha kakhulu kangangokuba lenza kube nzima okanye akunakwenzeka ukwenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla (umzekelo, ukugqoka); ukwanda kwamathuba okusuleleka kwiintsholongwane - kubakho ukukhuphaza ngokukhawuleza kwi-esifubeni, ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-sputum, ukuphefumula kokuphefumula kunye nomonakalo wamaphaphu; ukulala, ukuphazamiseka, ukunciphisa amandla okugxininisa, i-malaise jikelele.
Ukuxhatshazwa
I-bronchitis engapheliyo idla ngokugqithiseleyo kubantu abadala. Esi sifo senzeka kwi-17% yamadoda kunye ne-8% yabasetyhini abaneminyaka engama-40 ukuya kuma-64. Ininzi yabo iyabhema.
Izizathu
Isizathu esibalulekileyo sesifo esingapheliyo se-bronchitis kunye ne-emphysema ngumsi wocuba. I-bronchitis engapheliyo ayibonakaliyo kubantu abangabonakaliyo, kwaye iqondo lobunzima balo lihambelana ngqo nombolo ye-cigarettes etshaywa ngumhla. Izinto ezincinci ezibalulekileyo zongcoliseko lomoya kunye nentuthuko yezoshishino, kodwa zinokunyusa izifo ezikhoyo. Iimpawu ezibonakaliswe kwi-bronchitis engapheli zibangelwa yinkqubo yokulandelelana:
- Iingqungquthela ezivelisa i-Slime kwiindonga ze-bronchi kunye ne-trachea ukwanda kwimiqulu; Ukwandiswa kweengqungquthela kubandakanya umkhiqizo ogqithiseleyo wemfihlelo ebonakalayo, eyahlukana ngohlobo lwe-sputum;
- Ukugqithisa kwe-sputum kukukhokelela ekukhuselweni kwe-bronchi;
- Kukhona ukwanda kweendonga ze-bronchi, ezikhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-lumen yazo.
Ukuqhuma kwe-bronchitis engapheliyo kunokuhamba kunye nokuvuvukala okuphawulekayo kwe-bronchi, ukuqokelela kwe-pus kuyo, ukubunjwa kwezilonda kunye nezibazi. Kwizigulane ezininzi ezine-COPD (isifo esingapheliyo se-pulmonary pulmonary disease), kunye ne-bronchitis engapheliyo, kukho imiqondiso ye-emphysema. I-Emphysema yemiphunga ibonakaliswe ziimpawu ezilandelayo:
- utshintsho olungapheliyo kwimiphunga, apho i-alveoli (i-air bags) inyuselwa ngobukhulu kwaye ilahlekelwa ngumxakatho;
- Ubume bokuphefumula bubuhlungu ngakumbi, obuhambelana nokubonakala kwe-dyspnea;
- Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-emphysema ivela kubashushu;
- ezinye izigulane zinezinto eziza kubangela ukuveliswa kwe-emphysema.
Ubukho bokukhwehlela okuqhubekayo kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-sputum kwitshiza kunye nomlando omde kubangela ukuxilongwa kwe-bronchitis engapheliyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukukhuphela ezinye izizathu ezibangelwa ukukhwehlela okungapheliyo kunye nokuphefumula okufutshane - umzekelo, isifo se-asthma, isifo sofuba okanye umhlaza wamaphaphu. Xa uhlolisisa isigulane esine-bronchitis esingapheliyo, ezi zilandelayo ziyafumaneka:
- ukuphefumula okufutshane;
- ukutyumba okanye iimpawu zokunciphisa ukuhamba kwomoya ukuya emiphakeni ngexesha lokuhlaselwa;
- ukuphefumula ngokukhawuleza;
- ukuphefumula ubunzima - ukufakwa kwemisipha ye-intercostal kunye namakha emphefumlweni;
- ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwesifuba ngokuphefumlelwa;
- i-cyanosis - isikhumba sesigulane sibukeka sibuncwane ngenxa yokungenwa ngokomoya okanye ukunyusa uxinzelelo entliziyweni ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamathambo kwimiphunga (okubizwa ngokuba yintliziyo ye-pulmonary).
Diagnostics
Ukuxilongwa kwe-bronchitis engapheli kusekelwe kwiindlela ezilandelayo:
- i-radiography esifubeni ayisoloko isifundisa, kwiinqanaba zokuqala zesifo asikwazi ukufumana ukungaqhelekanga;
- Uvavanyo lwegazi - izinga le-hemoglobin kunye nomthamo we-erythrocyte echanekileyo kunganyuswa ngenxa yempendulo yokuhlawulela ukuhla kwezinga le-oksijini emiphakeni;
- i-electrocardiogram (ECG) - inokubona ukugqithiswa kwentliziyo efanelekileyo, ukwenza ukupompa kwegazi kwimiphunga;
- iimvavanyo zamapulmoni ezisetyenziswayo - zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa umthamo we-air inhaled and exhaled air, kunye nomlinganiselo obalulekileyo wemiphunga.
Umsebenzi wokubaluleka ngokubaluleka kunyango lwe-bronchitis kukupheliswa kokutshaya. Nangona uhlobo olubi lwesifo, oku kudla ngokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukukhwehlela. Iimpembelelo zezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuba ungcoliseko lomoya, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwothuli, kufuneka kugwenywe.
Amachiza
Kukho amaqela amaninzi eziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-bronchitis engapheliyo:
- bronchodilators. Ukulungiselela kweli qela (i-salbutamol, ipratropium bromide) kukukhuthaza ukwandiswa kwe-bronchi, ekhokelela ekuphefumuleni okungcono. Benza ngokufanelekileyo ngempumelelo kwaye bafaneleke ngokunyamezela zizigulane ngendlela ye-aerosols yokufuthwa kwe-inhalation;
- corticosteroids. Ukunciphisa utshintsho oluvuthayo. Akubona zonke izigulane ziphendula unyango nge-corticosteroids. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-trial trial ye-prednisolone yeentsuku ezingama-2-3 iholele ekunciphiseni i-dyspnea, unyango lwexesha elide kunye ne-steroids e-inhaled lungaboniswa. Amanani asebenzayo ye-steroids enganyanzelekanga aphantsi kweepilisi, okunciphisa umngcipheko weempembelelo;
- antibiotics. Kwiimeko eziphefumulayo zokuphefumula, i-antibiotics imiselwe ukukhusela ingxaki kwimiphunga. Unyango luyacetyiswa ukuba luqale xa i-sputum ibonakala iluhlaza okanye iluhlaza;
- ku thintelo. Kwi-bronchitis engapheliyo, kubalulekile ukuba ungayinaki umnyaka
- ukugonywa kumkhuhlane, njengoko esi sifo sandisa umngcipheko wokuphulukana nokusulelwa kwe-pulmonary;
- oksijini. Ingakumbi ibonakaliswe ngokuchithwa ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi yokuphefumula ngokuchasene nezifo zokuphefumula. Kwixinzelelo olubi lwe-bronchitis engapheliyo, i-ocongenatherapy ende, iqhutywe ngekhefu (nangona ngexesha lokulala), lunokunceda ukunciphisa ukuphefumula okufutshane nokuphucula ukuhlala kwezigulane.
Olunye unyango
Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinokuphucula imeko ye-bronchitis:
- I-Physiotherapy - ikhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwe-sputum;
- i-steam-inhalation-ifake isandla ekuhlanjuleni i-phlegm, ehamba ngeqhwaqa;
- ukusebenzisa unyango - ukudala isisigxina sesigulane sokuzivocavoca umzimba ngokuqhelekileyo kunokunceda ukunciphisa ukuphefumula nokuphelelwa amandla;
- ukuncedisa umphunga wempompo - ukuba imeko ibuhlungu ngokusuka kwimvelaphi yentsholongwane eqaqambileyo, i-respirator ekhethekileyo ingasetyenziswa (kwimeko apho ubunzima bokuphefumula bubangelwa yingozi).
Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, iimpawu zingabonakaliswa kancinci. Isigulane sinomkhwehlela onobuhlungu obuncinane. Ukuba uyeka ukutshaya kweli nqanaba, kunokungabi naluphi uphulo lwesifo kunye nokuphuhliswa okutshintshileyo kweenguqu ezivuthayo kwi-bronchi. Ngohlobo olubi kakhulu lwe-bronchitis kunye nokuqhubeka kokutshaya, kufakwe isifo esiphathelene nezifo zokuphefumula, esingaba nzima ngenyamoniya kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuphefumula. Umngcipheko wokufa kwi-bronchitis engapheliyo kubantu ababhemayo uphezulu kunabangabhemi. Phantse ama-50% amacala, izigulane ezineengxaki zokuphefumula ezinzima ziyafa zingakapheli iminyaka emihlanu kokuqala kwesifo, kodwa ukuhlaselwa kwesifo kukuphucula ngokuyeka. Amanani okufa ayenyuka ngokungcola komoya. Ngoku siyazi ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kwe-bronchitis engapheliyo, unyango lwesi sifo, kuyaqhubeka.