Ziziphi iindlela zokuphuhlisa ezinika umntwana? Okokuqala, bavumela umntwana ukuba abonise izinto ngendlela ekhangayo, efikeleleka kwaye esebenzayo. Oku kulungelelaniso oluphambili lwabaphuhlisi banamhlanje kwiindlela ezidlulileyo zeeminyaka edlulileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iindlela zokuphuhlisa ezitsha zinganiki ithuba lokushiya ngokupheleleyo iiprogram ezindala, ezivavanyelwe kakuhle zokufundisa abantwana bezikolo zasenkulanga, kodwa ke, ukuqeqeshwa ngendlela entsha kunika iziphumo ezilungileyo. Ngoko ke, qwalasela ezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo nezisebenzayo zokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kwezingane zasesikolweni.
Izindlela zokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kwabantwana ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-4 iminyaka iGlen Doman
Indlela yokuphuhlisa i-Glen Doman yabantwana bokuqala esikolweni ngokuyinhloko ijolise ekufundiseni umntwana ukuba afunde. Abaninzi ngexesha elifanayo bayakulibala ukuba ukuphuhliswa kweDoman, oku akusiyo kuphela ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo komntwana, kodwa kunye nokukhula komzimba okusebenzayo. Ngelo xesha, ukuphuculwa nokuphuculwa kwengqondo yomntwana kuhambelana ngqo nokuphuhliswa nokuphuculwa kwezakhono ezininzi zezithuthi. Izinto ezilula zilula kwaye zikhawuleza ukuba zitshise ukuba umntwana uyasebenza.
Ingundoqo yokufunda ukufunda kunye ne-encyclopedic yolwazi ngokweendlela zikaGlen Doman kukuba umntu omdala, kuphela ixesha elifutshane (1-2 imizuzwana), unikezela ukujonga umntwana ekhadini ngelizwi elibhaliweyo, ngelixa evakalisa igama elibhaliweyo. Njengomthetho, kucetyiswa ukubeka umfanekiso ohambelana negama. Imibhalo ibhalwe kwiibhokisi ezinkulu nakubomvu. Le ndlela isekelwe kwinto yokuba umntwana ukhumbula igama elipheleleyo, kwaye akafundi ukufunda indlela yokufunda ngeelwimi, njengoko indlela efanelekileyo yokufundisa ibonisa.
Iingxaki zeendlela zikaGlen Doman.
Le ndlela iye yagxeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngabafundisi nabazali. Okokuqala, umntwana wenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuqeqesheni - ujonga nje amakhadi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ixesha lokubukela amakhadi lincinci, ngoko ke ukungahambelani akuhlali ixesha elide. Okwesibini, inkqubo yokwenza amakhadi ichitha ixesha elide, idinga izinto ezininzi ezongezelelweyo (amakhadibhodi, iphepha, amapayili okanye ukuzaliswa kweekridiji zeprinta). Okwesithathu, kwakukho ukuthambekela ukuba umntwana akalibali ilizwi elibhalwe kwikhadi, kodwa "aliyi" igama elinye eliboniswe kwenye indawo.
Ukuphuhliswa kokuqala komntwana ngokusebenzisa inkqubo kaMaria Montessori
Indlela kaMaria Montessori yenzelwe abantwana abaneminyaka emithathu ubudala, kodwa abalandeli bakhe batusa ukuba basebenzise le ndlela ngokukhawuleza: xa umntwana uneminyaka engama-2 ukuya ku-5 ubudala. Umgaqo oyintloko wale ndlela yokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kukuba umntwana unikezwa ithuba lokuzikhethela inkululeko ekhethekileyo. Umntwana ukhetha ngokuzimeleyo njani, njani kwaye kangakanani kangakanani ukwenza oko.
Umntwana akadingeki ukuba athotyelwe ukufunda, kufuneka abe nomdla. Indlela yeMontessori imelwe yinkimbinkimbi yonke yokuzivocavoca evela kwimisebenzi emininzi. Uninzi lwezivivinyo lufuna ukulungiswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, amanani, amafowuni kunye nokufakwa.
Ukufunda ukufunda kunye neZaytsev cubes
Ngombulelo kwi cubes ze Zaitsev, abantwana abaninzi baqala ngokukhawuleza ukuba bafunde: kwiintathu kunye neminyaka emibini ubudala. Isethi sivela kwiikhabhi ezingama-52, apho zigcinwa khona izinto zokugcina iimpahla. Ukudlala nedayisi, umntwana wenza amagama ahlukeneyo. Iibhubhu ezifanayo ziyahluka ngokubhaliweyo, umbala, ubunzima, ukugubha kunye nesandi se-filler. Ukongeza kwiikhabhi zinikwa iipowusta ezineendawo zokugcina iimpahla zokufunda nokuthelekisa. Iikhabhi ezininzi, ezithengiswayo, kufuneka ziqokelelwe kuqala: zikhohliweyo, zifakwe zizaliswe zigcwaliswe. Ukufundisa umntwana ukuba afunde ngokunceda iikhabhi Zaitsev kudinga ukunyamezela kubazali. Ukuba ulungele ukubandakanyeka rhoqo nomntwana wakho, ke le nkqubo inokuthi, ukuba akunjalo-ke kungcono ukunika umntwana isikhungo sophuhliso olukhethekileyo, olufundisa ukufunda kwi cubes Zaitsev.
Amageyimu ekuphuhlisweni kokuqala kwabantwana kwi-Nikitin
Intsapho yaseKititin, u-Elena Andreevna kunye noBoris Pavlovich, - eqinisweni, iiklasi ze-national education and education. Babonisa umzekelo wentsapho yabo enkulu kwixesha lamaSoviet, umzekelo ocacileyo wemfundo yombutho ozimeleyo kunye ophuculweyo.
Ngokutsho kwintsapho yaseNikitin, abazali bavame ukuvuma ukugqitha ezimbini: nokuba ngaba yinkqubo engqongqo, xa abazali bezama ukuhlala kunye nokuzonwabisa kumntwana, ngaloo ndlela bengamniki ithuba lokuzimela umsebenzi; okanye oku kukushiya ngokupheleleyo umntwana, xa abazali bezemicimbi ejwayelekile yendlu yokugcinwa komntwana (ukutya, ukucoca, ukulala, njl. njl) bayalibala ngokubaluleka kokunxibelelana kunye nophuhliso lwengqondo.
Umsebenzi oyintloko wemfundo, ngokweNikitin yendlela, ukwandisa amandla okudala omntwana, ukulungiselela kwakhe umntu omdala.
Imidlalo yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yentsapho yaseNicitin ithandwa kakhulu. Bahlakulela ukucinga kwengqondo kwengane, bafunde ukwenza izigqibo. Iimidlalo ezinjalo zithengiswa kwaye zinconywa kubantwana abaneminyaka eyi-1,5. Umbhali wendlela yokuphuhlisa iphakamisa imithetho ye-14 yemidlalo, ezintandathu ezithathwa njengegunya. Imidlalo eyaziwayo ngokubanzi "Fold square", "Fold pattern", "Unicub" kunye ne "Dots", kwakunye nefowuni kunye ne-liners Montessori.
Ukukhuliswa nokuphuhliswa komntwana kwinkqubo yeWaldorf
Le ndlela yokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili komntwana ivela kwiminyaka eyikhulu edlulileyo eJamani, umbhali wayo nguRudolf Steiner. Ngokweli cwangciso, umntwana ukuya kwimiba yesixhenxe (phambi kwexesha lokutshintsha amazinyo obisi) akufanele agxininiswe ngokufunda ukufunda nokubhala, kunye nokuzivocavoca. Ukususela ebuntwaneni kuyimfuneko ukubonakalisa ubunamandla bokomoya kunye nomoya kwindlela yonokwenzeka. Umgaqo oyintloko wenkqubo kaWaldorf: "Ubuntwaneni bubomi obupheleleyo, obuhle!" Umntwana ukhuliswe kwaye ukhula ngokuvisisana nendalo, ufunda ukudala, ukuva nokuziva umculo, ukudweba nokucula.
I-Technique yokuqala yophuhliso uCecil Lupan
UCecil Lupan ungumlandeli kaGlen Doman kunye nezinye iindlela zokuphuhlisa kwangaphambili. Emva kokufumana amava akhe kunye nokuguqula iindlela zabaphambili bakhe, waqulunqa "isicwangciso" sakhe sokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili komntwana. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Kholelwa Emntwaneni Wakho" uxelela iingcebiso kunye nezigqibo malunga nokukhuliswa komntwana. Ingxelo ephambili kaCecil Lupan: "Umntwana akayidingi inkqubo yocweyo yokunyanzeliswa imihla ngemihla."
Ukuphuhliswa kwentetho yomntwana, iincwadi zokufunda kuye zibaluleke kakhulu. Umbhali wendlela iphakamisa ukufunda nokucacisa amabali anzima kunye neenganekwane kumntwana. Ukwenza kube lula ukufunda iileta kunye nenani, kufuneka udwebe umfanekiso kunye neleta kunye neleta. Ngokomzekelo, kwileta ethi "K" ibambe ikati. Njengoko kwindlela yokuGlen Doman, uS. Lupan uncoma ukufundisa umntwana ukuba afunde ngokunceda kwamakhadi. Kuphela kula maphepha encwadi ayincoma ukuba abhale ngokubomvu, kodwa ngemibala eyahlukileyo, okanye kunoko: iileta ezinobumba - ezimnyama, izikhenkce - ezibomvu, kunye neileta ezingabonakaliyo-eziluhlaza. Kwincwadi yakhe umbhali unikeza iingcebiso ezinzulu malunga nokufundisa umntwana ukugibela, ukubhukuda, ukudweba, umculo, kunye neelwimi zangaphandle.
Ngokufutshane malunga nokuphambili
Ngoko, namhlanje kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuphuhlisa abantwana bokuqala, eziphambili zazo ezichazwe kweli nqaku. Ukongezelela, kukho inani elaneleyo lokuncedisa uqeqesho kwezi ndlela. Ayikho indawo yokugqibela enendima yomthombo wezinto zokufundisa i-Intanethi. Ukugqiba ukubandakanya enye yeendlela ezi ngasentla, kufuneka ucinge kwangaphambili isicwangciso nokulandelelana kweeklasi.
Ngokomntu, ndidibanisa kwiiklasi kwiindlela eziliqela kunye nezikhundla ezithile ze-Waldorf. Mna, njengomzali, kholelwa ukuba umntwana ufuna ukudala umoya ococekileyo uphuhliso olubanzi kwasebuncinaneni. Esi siza kuba sisiseko esihle sokuqhubeka simenza njengomntu. Nangona kunjalo, umntu makangayikhohlwa ukuba ubuntwana lixesha lokuvuya kunye nokungakhathali, kwaye akuyimfuneko ukuba umntwana athabathe oku kubantwana abancinci. Umgaqo wam wemfundo ebalulekileyo: yenza konke okuvuyisa kunye nomvuyo kumntwana wam. Ndicinga ukuba abaninzi abazali abanembopheleleko baya kuvuma nam. Impumelelo kuwe nabantwana bakho ngolwazi lwehlabathi elijikelezile, kuba (ihlabathi) lihle kakhulu! Nika ihlabathi elimibalabala kunye neenkalo ezininzi kwiintsapho zakho!