Umntwana one-Down syndrome, ukufunda ukuthetha naye kubalulekile. Ngokuqonda kakuhle kakuhle amagama awayebhekiswe kuye, umntwana unentetho ebalulekileyo yokuthetha. Intetho yabantwana abane-Down's syndrome ithonyelwa yimpawu zesakhiwo se-anatomical zezinto zokuthetha, i-neurophysiological kunye nezokwelapha, kunye neempawu zengcamango yolwazi. Konke oku kudala ubunzima obongezelelweyo ekwakheni isandi esicacileyo, sibonakaliswe kwiimpawu zezwi kunye nentetho. Indlela yokuhlakulela intetho kumntwana one-Down syndrome? Umbuzo obakhathaza abazali abaninzi. Kule nqaku, uya kufumana impendulo epheleleyo.
Iingcebiso ezicetywayo kunye nokuzivocavoca ziya kunceda ukulungiselela umhlaba wokuphuhlisa izakhono zokuthetha. Ingqwalasela ephambili kufuneka ihlawulwe ekuqeqeshweni nasekuqiniseni imisipha yomlomo, ulwimi, intlanzi elula, ukufumana izakhono zokuthetha ngokuphefumula. Ukusebenza nomntwana encinci ukususela ekuzalweni, ukwenza oku ngokuchasene neemeko ezicacileyo, unokuhlawula ukukhubazeka kwemvelo yengane ene-Down syndrome kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wamagama athetha. I-Lepet yilekhono elisisiseko ekuphuhliseni intetho, iqinisa iindlela zokuthetha kwaye yenza ukuba zihambe. I-Lepete inika kwakhona impendulo yokuphendula ingxelo, i. Umntwana usetyenziselwa izandi kunye nokutshintsha kwabo kwintetho yabantu. Nangona ukubethelela abantwana abane-Down syndrome kwaye kufana nokubethelela abantwana abaqhelekileyo, kodwa kudla ixesha elifutshane kwaye rhoqo, kufuna ukuvuselelwa rhoqo kunye nenkxaso yabantu abadala. Inyaniso yokuba abantwana abane-Down's Syndrome abayincinci, ngokutsho koososayensi, izizathu ezibini. Iyokuqala inxulumene ne-hypotonicity ejwayelekile (ubunqongophala bemisipha) ehambelana nale ntwana, ekwazisa nakwezinye izixhobo zokuthetha; enye enye ingenxa yokunika ingxelo engxelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo iintsana zifuna ukuphulaphula ukubethelwa kwazo. Ngenxa yezixhobo zomzimba zesakhiwo sencedo lokuphulaphula, kunye nokusulelwa kwintsholongwane rhoqo, abantwana abane-Down syndrome abanakuva ilizwi labo. Oku kuvimbela ukuqeqeshwa kwezandi ngamnye kunye nokufakwa kwawo ngamazwi. Ngoko ke, ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwimeko yokukhubazeka kweentloko kuneempembelelo eziphambili zokuthetha nentuthuko yengqondo yomntwana.
Ukukhuthazwa kweengxelo eziphicothiweyo zenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Qinisekisa ukuqhagamshelana kwamehlo nomntwana (umgama wama-20-25 cm), thetha kuye: ithi "", "ma-ma", "pa-pa", njl njl. Smile, thunga, khuthaza umntwana ukuba alumkele. Emva koko umise ukumvumela ukuba asabele. Zama ukuqhuba intetho kunye naye, ngexesha apho wena kunye nokuphendula komntwana. Yenza umsebenzi. Xa umntwana ebetha, musa ukumphazamisa, kodwa gcina, ugcine uqhagamshelana naye. Xa eyeka, phinda izandi emva kwakhe kwaye uzame kwakhona "ukuthetha" naye. Vary izwi. Zama ngetoni kunye nevolumu. Fumana into eyenziwa ngumntwana wakho kwizinto ezilungileyo.
Ukuzivocavoca okunjalo kufuneka kwenziwe maxesha amaninzi ngosuku ngemizuzu emi-5. Kungcono ukuqala ukususela ekuzalweni kwaye uqhubeke ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ade umntwana afunde ukuthetha. Le nkqubo ingasetyenziselwa ukujonga izinto okanye imifanekiso. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza umntwana ukuba abathinte. Ekuqaleni, usana lubaxhaphaza. Oku kuyimpendulo evamile engenakuvalwa. Ukubonisa kunye nomnxeba wakho umphumo wentuthuko ephambili. Injongo ephambili kukukhuthaza umntwana ukuba athabathe. Biza izinto kunye nemifanekiso, mkhuthaze ukuba aphinda izandi ngamnye emva kwakho.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo emva kokubhaliza kukuphuhliswa kwentetho echaziweyo. Ukuba ukubethelela akuhambi ngokukhawuleza kwintetho, ngoko umsebenzi wabazali kunye nootitshala ukuwuyifaka. Inendima ebalulekileyo kule nto idlala ngokuxelisa, okanye ukuxelisa. Njengoko uqeqesho lubonisa, abantwana abane-Down's Syndrome abaxelisi ngokukhawuleza. Umntwana kufuneka afundiswe ukuba agcine kwaye asabele kwizinto azibonayo aze azive. Ukufunda ukuxelisa kuyintloko ekuqhubela phambili ukufunda.
Ukuphuhliswa kwamakhono okulinganisa kuqala ngokuxelisa izenzo ezilula zomntu omdala. Ukwenza oku, faka umntwana etafileni okanye kwi-highchair. Hlala ngaphesheya kuye. Qinisekisa ukuba kukho ukuqhagamshelana kwamehlo phakathi kwakho. Yithi: "Bhoxisa etafileni!" Bonisa indlela kwaye uthi kwisigqi esithile: "Tuk, tuk, tuk." Ukuba umntwana uyasabela, mhlawumbi ekuqaleni (mhlawumbi okokuqala ngeso sinye kuphela), vuyisa, umdumise kwaye uphinde usebenze ngokuphindwe kabini. Ukuba umntwana akaphendulanga, mthabatha ngesandla, bonisa indlela yokubamba, uze uthi: "Tuk-tuk-tuk." Xa umntwana ethatha ifa layo, ezinye iishukumo zingasetyenziselwa, umzekelo, ukubetha ngeenyawo, ukugubungula ngezandla, njl. Njengoko ubuchule bokulinganisa buphuhlise, ukuqhuba okusemgangathweni kunokuncediswa ngemidlalo yeminwe kunye neengqungquthela ezilula. Musa ukuphindaphinda inye-ntshukumo efanayo ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezintathu, njengoko inokumcaphukisa umntwana. Kungcono ukubuyela ekusebenzeni ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamaxesha amaninzi emini. Lo mgaqo usebenza kuzo zonke izabelo ezilandelayo.
Umntwana okhethekileyo.
Ukukhuthaza ukulingiswa kwezandi zentetho, unokwenza oku kulandelayo. Khangela umntwana. Phatha ngokwakho emlonyeni ovulekile ukwenza isandi "wah-wah-wah." Thepha umlomo womntwana ukuze umenze enze isandi esifanayo. Ukubonisa ngakumbi, faka isandla sakhe emlonyeni wakho. Yenza isakhono ngokubetha umntwana emlonyeni wakhe kwaye uvakalise isandi. Ukuphindaphinda izandi zee-vowel A, I, O, Y iququzelelwa ngokuxelisa ukuphendula kweemoto.
Isandi A. Beka isalathisi sakho ngomnxeba, unciphise umhlathi osezantsi uze uthi: "A".
Umsindo I. Yithi "mna", ukunweba iminwe yamagumbi omlomo emacaleni.
Isandi O. Yisho ilizwi elifutshane, elicacileyo "O". Yenza uphawu lwe "O" kunye neminwe yakho ephakathi kunye neminwe xa uthe lomsindo.
I-Sound W. Yitsho ixesha elide "U", ulandele isandla sakho kwiphubhu kwaye uyifake emlonyeni wakho, kwaye uyisuse xa usenza isandi. Musa ukulibala ukudumisa umntwana wakho rhoqo. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokuthatha iintsuku eziliqela ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukusebenza. Ukuba umntwana akaphindaphindi, musa ukuyinyanzela. Yiya kwenye into. Hlanganisa ukuxelisa inkulumo kunye nokunye ukulinganisa, okunika umntwana wakho ujabule.
Ukuphefumula kunempembelelo enkulu kumgangatho wezwi. Abantwana abane-Down's syndrome banomoya ophefumulayo kwaye baninzi emlonyeni, njengokuba kubanda kakhulu kubanda kube nzima ukuba baphefumle impumlo. Ukongezelela, ulwimi lwe-hypotonic lwama-size amakhulu alufanelanga kumlomo womlomo. Ngoko ke, ngaphezu kokuthintelwa kwamaqanda
kuyimfuneko ukuqeqesha umntwana ukuba avalile umlomo wakhe aze aphefumle ngeempumlo. Ukwenza oku, umlomo womntwana uhlanganiswa kunye nomnatha olula, ngoko uvala umlomo aze aphefumle ixesha elide. Ngokufakela umnxeba wendawo kwindawo ephakathi komlomo ophezulu kunye neempumlo, ukuphendula okuphambeneyo kufumaneka-ukuvula komlomo. Ezi zifundo zingenziwa maxesha amaninzi ngosuku, kuxhomekeke kwimeko. Kukwacetyiswa ukuba ufundise abantwana abancinci nge-Down syndrome kumhlathi owenzela ingono. Xa usondeza umlomo womntwana uya kuvalwa, kwaye ukuphefumla kuya kuqhutywa ngeempumlo, nangona xa udiniwe okanye ulele.
Ukuphuhliswa kwe-air jet kakuhle kukhuthazwa ngokuzivocavoca umoya, okuxhomekeke ekunokwenzeni umntwana ukuxelisa. ImiSebenzi yenziwa ngefom yefowuni engaqhelekanga. Kubalulekile ukuxhasa nayiphi na imizamo yomntwana, ade aqale ukwenza okulungileyo. Umzekelo: ukuvuthela kwiintsiba zokulenga okanye ezinye izinto ezikhanyayo; Ukudlala kwi-harmonica, ukwenza izandi xa usondeza kwaye uvula; ukubetha iintsiba, ikotoni, iphepha eliqhekekileyo iehokerchief, iibhola zeetanethi; ukuvuthela umdlalo okanye i-flame ikhandlela; ukudlala kwimibhobho yokudlala kunye namacu, ukuvuthela kumavili omoya; ukuthabatha iinyoka zeepaki, ezibhokhwe; kuqhutyelwa ngephubhu emanzini ase-soapy kwaye uqalise amabhubhu; iipakethi zeepeksi kunye neepayipi eziphambileyo ngendlela yezilwanyana ngokuphefumlela umoya ukuba uqhube; kuqhutyelwa ngephubhu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ubeke iintsiba kunye neengcezu zoboya bekoton; bhobhoza iibhola; ukukhupha okanye ukukhupha; ukuvuthela kwisibuko okanye kwiglasi uze udwebe into apho. Ezi ndlela kunye nezinye izenzo ziyahlukahluka kwiifomu zemidlalo ezahlukeneyo ngokwexesha lomntwana.
Okubaluleke kakhulu kubantwana abane-Down's syndrome bazama ukuphucula ukuhamba kolwimi, kuba ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwenzululwazi luyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yokunyana, ukugwinya nokuhlafuna, nokuthetha. Ukuzivocavoca ukuphuhliswa kweentsana ukuhamba kolwimi kunye nemihlathi iququzelele kakhulu ukusikwa kunye nokunceda ekusebenziseni ukutya okufanelekileyo.
Xa ulwimi luxhatshazwa, ulwimi lujikeleza ngolunye uhlangothi ngakwesobunxele kwaye ngakwesokudla luxinzelelwe phantsi ngeminwe yenkcazo de kubekho ukuphendula okuphambene. Izinga lokutshintsha lixhomekeke kwisantya sempendulo. Ngokunyamekela ukutshintsha kwenkomfa yomnweba, unokuhambisa isalathiso seelwimi ukuya ngasekunene nakwesobunxele, phezulu nangaphezulu. Ukunyakaza okufanayo kufana ne-tickling encinci ye-tube yokusela okanye i-toothbrush. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba luncedo ukuhlambulula iimilo zolwimi ngebrush yezinyo zombane. Iifutshane ezifanelekileyo kunye neentlobo ezisuka kwisethi yokuqeqesha amazinyo. Ukunyakaza kwesinye kwesinye kwesitye kwaye ukuxineka kweyesibini kungabangela ukunyakaza kokujikeleza kolwimi emlonyeni.
Imizekelo yemisebenzi yokuphuhlisa ukuhamba kolwimi:
• ukuhlawula iipuni (kunye nobusi, ipudding, njl.);
• Inyosi ye-smear okanye i-jam kumlomo ophezulu okanye ophantsi, ikhoneni elingakwesobunxele okanye langakwesokudla lomlomo, ukwenzela ukuba umntwana ahlasele isilwimi;
• ukwenza ukunyakaza kolwimi emlonyeni, umzekelo, ukubeka ulwimi ngolunye uhlangothi, phantsi kwesigama sesobunxele, phantsi komlomo ophezulu okanye ophantsi, cofa ulwimi, uqhube ulwimi ngolwimi lwakho;
• nqakraza ngokubanzi ngolwimi (ulwimi luhlala emva kwamazinyo);
• ukuqonda inkompo yeplastiki ngamazinyo akho, ufake iifowuni okanye iibhola kuyo kwaye, ukugubha intloko yakho, wenze isandi;
• cwangcisa iqhosha kwintambo ende kwaye uyihambise ngamazinyo ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi.
Ukuzivocavoca ukuphuhliswa kokuhamba kwemihlathi kunye nolwimi kubandakanywa kwimidlalo yokuxubusha eyenza izandi ezahlukeneyo okanye izenzo (i-cat lickens, inja iyakubamba amazinyo kunye nezilonda, umvundla unobunqunu, i-carrots, njl.).
Ukuguqulwa kweengcamango kubantwana abane-Down's syndrome kudibaniswa nokuhamba rhoqo kwemali kunye noxinzelelo lolwimi, ingakumbi umlomo ophantsi. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukufundisa umntwana ukuvala umlomo wakhe. Kufuneka ubeke ingqalelo kwinto yokuba imilomo ikhululekile ukuvala, umda obomvu womlomo uhlale ubonakala kwaye imilebe ayizange ifakwe. Iintsana kunye nabantwana abancinci banokubanjelwa ngeenkcukacha eziphakathi kunye neenkcazo ezisekhohlo nasekunene kwempumlo phantsi, ngaloo ndlela bezisa umlomo ophezulu ophakanyisiweyo eduze kwezantsi. Umlomo ophantsi ungasondelwa kumphunga omkhulu ngokucindezela isithupha. Nangona kunjalo, isilwanyana akufanele sikhuliswe, kuba umlomo ophantsi uza kuba phezulu. Ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokwelula komlomo, isinye isicelo somlomo omnye komnye, ukuxubha kunye nokugubha komlomo ophezulu kukhula ukuhamba kwabo. Ukuqinisa imisipha, unika umntwana ukuba agcine imilomo ngezinto ezikhanyayo (intambo), thumela u-kissing air, emva kokutya, ubambe i-spoon emlonyeni wakho kwaye uyixinzelele ngomlomo wakho.
I-hypotension jikelele kubantwana abane-Down syndrome ibangela ukuhamba kwekhalenda ye-palatine, ebonakaliswa ngezwi kunye nesandi. I-Gymnastics ye palate inokudibaniswa kunye nokuhamba okulula: "aha" - izandla zijikela phezulu, "ahu" - ikotoni ngezandla ezinqeni, "ahai" - ikotoni ngezandla, "aho" - ugxininisa unyawo olunye. Uvavanyo olufanayo luqhutywa ngezandi "n", "t", "k". Ukuqeqeshwa kwelitya lesilinen kuququzelelwa ngokudlala nebhola, ukukhwaza izandi zodwa: "aa", "ao", "apa", njl njl. Ku luncedo ukubonisa izandi zemvelo (ukukhwehlela, ukuhleka, ukukrazula, ukukrazula) nokukhuthaza ukuxelisa umntwana. Ungasebenzisa umdlalo womdlalo wokuphindaphinda: bhala kwaye uphumelele "m"; bathethe iilwimi "mammy", "me-meme", "amam", njl.; Ukuphefumula kwisibuko, iglasi okanye ngesandla; ukukhupha kunye nesimo seefowuni zokuthetha njengokuba isandi "i"; ukukhupha nge-snap encinci phakathi kwamazinyo aphezulu kunye nomlomo ophantsi; kufaka isicatshulo seelwimi emlonyeni ophezulu kwaye wenze imvelaphi, ngoko ngamazinyo nakwezantsi komlomo; Ukuvakalisa isandi se "n" ngeengcango ezipholileyo; xa uxhuma, hambisa ukusuka ku- "n" ukuya ku- "t". Uqeqesho oluhle luthetha ngentetho.
Ukuphuhliswa kwentetho yokudibanisa kuququzelelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamazwi. Ufanele uwathethe ezo zifundo ezichaphazelekayo kumntwana wakho. Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana ufuna i-cookie, ngoko, ekukhokiseni, kufuneka ucele: "Ikhukhi?" Uphendule: "Ewe, le cookie." Kumele usebenzise inani elincinci lamagama, uthetha ngokukhawuleza nangokucacileyo, phinda igama elifanayo ngamaxesha amaninzi. Kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukuba ukunyakaza kweengcamango zomlomo omdala kungena emkhakheni wombono wengane, kubangele umnqweno wokubaxelisa.
Abantwana abaninzi abane-Down syndrome baphendukela kumagama kunye nezenzo ezithatha amagama. Oku kufuneka kuxhaswe kwaye bancediswe ukuba banxibelelane kweli nqanaba, kuba ukufezwa kwentsingiselo yesenzo ngasinye ngokusebenzisa amagama kusebenze ulwimi oluthethiweyo. Ukongezelela, imiqondiso ingena ngokufanelekileyo njengokongezwa kwintetho ngamanye amaxesha xa kunzima umntwana ukuba adlulisele umyalezo wakhe ngamazwi.
Ngenxa yokuba ukuchazwa kwecala lokuthetha kwabantwana abane-Down's syndrome kunokuphuculwa kuwo wonke umphefumlo, ezininzi zezifundo ezibhalwe apha ngasentla ziya kuqhubeka nangona umntwana sele efunda ukuthetha.