Iincwadi zokuqala neNineve
ISineve yayisemgangathweni we-Iran namhlanje. Esi sixeko sasine-layout ecacileyo, okungekho mntu owayenqabile ukusiphula. Kwaye ngo-612 BC. Isixeko satshatyalaliswa satshiswa yimikhosi yamaBhabhiloni namaMedi.
Iincwadi zokuqala zaziswa apha ezivela kumazwe apho i-Asiriya yahola imfazwe yawayisa. Ukususela ngoko, abathandi beencwadi baye bavela kweli lizwe. Ngokubhekiselele kwiTsar Ashshubanipale ngokwakhe, wayeyindoda efundiswe kakhulu, wafunda ukufunda nokubhala xa wayesengumntwana, kwaye ngexesha lokulawula wayephethe ilayibrari enkulu, phantsi kwayo wayekhetha amagumbi athile egumbini lakhe. Wafunda zonke i-sayensi zeli xesha.
Ngomnyaka we-1849 umhambi weNgesi uLejjard ngexesha lokucubungula ufumene amatye, ancwatyelwe phantsi komhlaba iminyaka emininzi. Kwangexesha elide akukho mntu wade wacinga ukubaluleka kwalo mhlaba. Kwaye kuphela xa abaphengululi banamhlanje befunda ukufunda iBhabhiloni, ukubaluleka kwabo kweyona kwaziwa.
Yintoni ekhoyo kumaphepha ezincwadi zobumba?
Amaphepha ezincwadi zobumba ayequlethe ifa lemveli likaSumer noAkkad. Bathi ngisho nakumaxesha amandulo, izibalo zakwazi ukwenza ezininzi izenzo zeemathematika: ukubala iipesenti, ukulinganisa loo ndawo, ukuphakamisa inamba kumandla nokukrazula ingcambu. Bade bafumana itheyibhile yabo yokuphindaphinda, nangona kwakunzima kakhulu ukuqonda ngaphezu kokuba sisisebenzisa ngoku. Ukongezelela, ukulinganisa kweveki ngeentsuku ezisixhenxe zivela ngokuthe ngqo ukususela ngelo xesha.
"Incwadi yifestile encinane, ihlabathi lonke libonakala kulo"
"Uza kufunda iincwadi - uza wazi yonke into"
"Iiparele ziphuma ekujuleni kolwandle, ulwazi lukhankanywa kwizinzulu zeencwadi"
Ukudala kunye neempawu zokugcina
Iincwadi zokulahla zagcinwa ngendlela enomdla. Ukucacisa igama kunye nenombolo yekhasi ngaphantsi kwincwadi kwakukho umgaqo obalulekileyo. Kwakhona kwincwadi nganye elandelayo, umgca wokugqibela owawuphelile wabhaliswa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zigcinwe ngendlela echanekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, kwakukho ikhathalogu elayibrari yaseNinnesian, apho igama, inani lemizila kunye nebebe ekuye kwincwadi yalo yabhalwa ngayo. Kwakukho neencwadi zomthetho, amabali abahambi, ulwazi lweyeza, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezichazili kunye neencwadi.
Ukulala ngenxa yokudalwa kwabo kwakungumgangatho ophezulu. Kwakuqala ukuxutyaniswa ixesha elide, ngoko benza amacwecwe amancinci waza wabhala ngenduku ngelixa umphezulu wawusemanzi.