Ziziphi izimbangela zomhlaza kubantwana, nendlela yokuphelisa izi zifo, funda kwinqaku elithi "Isifo se-oncological of children and adolescents."
Kwizigaba zokuqala, umhlaza kubantwana ungabonakalisa ngokungafunekiyo, ungathinteki ngokucacileyo ukuxilongwa. Kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhuba rhoqo iimviwo zezonyango zabantwana nabaselula. Abazali bafanele baqaphele ukubeka iliso kumntwana kwaye baqwalasele zonke iimpawu eziphazamisayo ezingabonisa ukugula. Ezi zibonakaliso eziphazamisayo zibandakanya: ukuzithemba, ukusukela kwintsholongwane, ukungabikho kwesidlo, ukuhlala ekhuhlane, ukuvutha kwamathambo, amabala angavamile, ukuvuthwa, ukuvuvukala, njl. Ukufumanisa umdlavuza, ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezinobungozi ezinokwenziwa komzimba-umz. Ukubonakala komntwana kunokuhlala kukukhumbuza indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo kwabanye. Oku kuholele ekuzimeleleni, umntwana akafuni ukuya esikolweni. Ukuxhaswa kwengqondo kunikwe umntwana kunye nentsapho yakhe kubaluleke kakhulu kule meko. Ukuba isigulane sikhankanywe, ugqirha uyithumela isigulane kwisifo segazi, i-X-ray kunye nezinye iimviwo ezithile.
Izifo ze-oncological
I-leukemia (leukemia). Esinye sezifo ezixhaphakileyo kwizifo ezingabantwana kwiintsholongwane, ezenza i-23% yazo zonke i-cancer. Kule ndawo, malunga nama-80% ngamatyala e-lymphoblastic leukemia (YONKE), eqala kumnxeba we-lymphocyte, olahlekelwa yimpawu kunye nemisebenzi yawo kwaye aguquke abe yi-cell tumor (lymphoblasts). ZONKE zihlelwa
Yintoni kufuneka umazi ngokugula kwakhe?
Lo mbandela uyinhloko yengxoxo enomlilo. Iingcali ezininzi zincoma ukuchazela umntwana okwenzekayo ukwenzela ukuphepha ukungaqondi, ukukhupha ukwesaba nokufezekisa intsebenziswano ekulungeleyo. Kukho nawuphi na umzekelo, ngabazali ngokwabo kufuneka bakhethe umzuzu ofanelekileyo wencoko enjalo, bathathe isigqibo sokuba njani uchaze umntwana, banqume ukuba ngaba bafuna uncedo lweengqondo okanye inkxaso, njl. Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-6 ubudala. Kule minyaka, kunzima umntwana ukuba aqonde ukuba ukugula kwakhe okanye ukuxilongwa kuthetha ntoni, ngoko abazali kufuneka bahlaziye baze bachaze ukuba oku akusiyo isohlwayo nokuba umntwana akenzanga nto ephosakeleyo. Kule minyaka, abantwana kunye nabaselula banenkxalabo enkulu malunga nokuhlukana kwabazali babo, kunye nentlungu kunye nokukhathazeka. Kubalulekile ukuba umntwana uzive ethembele aze agcine isimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo: umphazamise ngamathoyizi kunye nezinye izinto eziqhakazile, zama ukudala umoya ococekileyo nakwi-ward yesibhedlele (unokuzisa izinto ezithile kwigumbi lomntwana wakho), udlale kunye naye, udumise ngokuziphatha kakuhle ngexesha loviwo kunye nonyango. Abantwana abaneminyaka engama-7-12. Baye baqala ukuqonda ukuba imeko yempilo incike kwiimachiza, iimviwo kunye nokuphunyezwa kweengcebiso zegqirha. Kancinci bayaqonda ukuba bayagula, kwaye baqonda ukuba zeziphi izizathu, umzekelo, ukulahleka kweenwele. Abazali neentsapho kufuneka baphendule ngokunyanisekileyo yonke imibuzo yomntwana, bahlale benomdla, bamncede, bazame ukufumanisa ukuba imithwalo yomzimba ivumelekile kumntwana, inika iintlanganiso kunye nabafundi afunda nabo, abahlobo, abazalwana kunye nodade, njl njl.
Abantwana abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-13. Abaselula banenkxalabo ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane boluntu, bayaqonda ukuba isifo singabakhusela ukuba baphile ngendlela abahlobo babo abahlala kuyo. Ukuziva kungathi wonk 'ubani kulo nyaka ubuhlungu kakhulu, ukubuyela esikolweni kunokunxulumana noxinzelelo kunye nokuxhalabisa. Umntwana osemtsha kufuneka athathe inxaxheba kwisigqibo kunye nokuthetha ngokugula kwakhe, ngoko umcele ukuba angathethi, kodwa ngelo xesha uhlonele ubomi bomntu osemtsha aze aze amshiye kunye nodokotela. Ingqiqo inokukunceda ukutshabalalisa ukuhlaselwa kokholo lwakho. Ngeenjongo ezithile, i-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma inokuthi ithathwa njenge-tumor leukemia. Isifo sikaHodgkin sisoloko sigqithiselwa kwiintsholongwane kwaye sihambelana ngqo negciwane le-Einstein-Barr. Kuzo zonke izifo ze-oncological, izibikezelo zonyango lwe-Hodgkin isifo zihle kakhulu.
Unyango
Ukunyangwa komhlaza kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo, ukungenelela ngokuphambili, i-chemotherapy, unyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-immunotherapy. Olunye uhlobo lwonyango luhlala lungasebenzi, ngoko ludibene. I-Chemotherapy yonyango lwenkqubo kunye neziyobisi ezichaphazela umzimba ngokubanzi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, zichaphazela iiseli kunye neethambo eziphilileyo. Le mpembelelo ichaza izibonakaliso ezibonakalayo zesifo se-chemotherapy: ukulahleka kweenwele, izilonda zesilonda, isifo sohudo, isisulu sokuncwina, njl njl. Kodwa eyona yingozi kakhulu - kwaye ngokuyimfuneko ukuba ihlolwe esondeleyo - ihlala isiphumo esinjalo njenge-myelosuppression (ukunciphisa kwiiseli zegazi ezenziwe emnzini wethambo). Ngenxa yoko, umzimba wokulwa nomzimba unciphisa inani leeseli, ingakumbi iiseli zegazi ezibomvu kunye neeplatelets. Ngoko ke, ngexesha le-chemotherapy, abantwana basengozini ekukhuselweni. Ukongezelela, abantwana badinga ukumpontshelwa igazi xa benesifo semfuyo, okanye i-thrombomass, ukuba kukho umngcipheko wokuphuma kwegazi. Ulwaphulo lwe-radiation (unyango lwe-X-ray) lisetyenziswa rhoqo kunye nezinye iintlobo zonyango. Kwimizimba yakhe yomhlaza isatshatyalaliswa yi-irradiation enamandla.
- Ukuxhamla kwengqondo. Zinyameko okanye ziyingozi, ukugxekwa kunye nokunyanga kuxhomekeke kwiiseli ezivela kuyo, kunye nendawo yokuhlala, ubukhulu bayo, ubudala bomntwana kunye nomgangatho jikelele wempilo.
- Neuroblastoma. Le ngqumbo, edlalwa rhoqo ngonyaka wokuqala wobomi bomntwana, ivela kwinkqubo yesantya evelwano kwaye ikhona kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yayo emlanjeni, ngaphakathi kwesifuba okanye kwisisu esiswini, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-grenatal adrenal. Iphosa emgodini, iyanciphisa izitho, iyathintela imisebenzi yabashicileli.
- Retinoblastoma. Lo mhlaza we-retina awuqhelekanga, kodwa yimbangela ye-5% yeziganeko zobumfama buntwaneni. Ingabonwa phambi kokuba uneminyaka engama-5, amathuba okubuyisela aphezulu, kodwa ukugxekwa, unyango, kunye nethuba lokubuyisela umbono kuxhomekeka kwimeko yokuba isifo sifanele kangakanani.
- I-neuroblastoma (i-Wilms tumor). Inokuchaphazela inye enye okanye zombini izintso, ngokuqhelekileyo zenzeka kubantwana abaneminyaka engama-2-3 ubudala. Ingxelo malunga ne-10% yeekresela kubantwana, ngokuqhelekileyo isifo sinokuphilisa.
Nangona iqondo eliphezulu lokunyanga, umhlaza usuhlala kwindawo yesibini emva kweengozi eziluhlu lwezona zinto ezibangela ukufa kwezingane kumazwe athuthukile.
- Osteosarcoma. Enye yezona ntlobo eziqhelekileyo zethambo zamathambo kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka kwiiphelo zamathambo amade (tibia, femur) kunye nommandla wamadolo.
- I-sarcoma ye-Ewing. Okwesibini ngokuqhelekileyo emva kokuba i-osteosarcoma iyisisu esinzima samathambo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthinta i-femal, kodwa inokusasazeka kwamanye amathambo nasemiphakeni.
- Rhabdomyosarcoma. Eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo ifunyenwe ngaphandle kwamathambo. Ihlala ichaphazela izihlunu, ibhalela i-4-8% yeekresela kubantwana.
Umntwana ogulayo uya kubuza ukuba kutheni esoloko esa esibhedlele, kutheni uziva ekhululekile kwaye ehlala ehlushwa iintlungu, kutheni uninzi lweemvavanyo nokunye okunjalo. kunyango. Kodwa imeko nganye iyingqayizivele, abazali ngokwabo bafanele bathethe isigqibo sokuba bathethe njani umntwana. Ngoku uyazi ukuba yeyiphi inomdlavuza abantwana nabaselula.