Ifa elifunekayo kwaye lingabonakali
Ayikho imfihlelo yokuba inkqubo yethu yemfundo ephakamileyo izuzwe kwiSoviet Union kunye neenguqu ezincinci kunye nezongezo. Ngaloo ndlela, inkqubo yeSoviet ifunyenwe kakhulu kwiRashiya yaseRashiya, kuquka ininzi yootitshala. Iiyunivesithi zase-USSR zisebenza ixesha elide kwizibonelelo zabantu abadala, zangaphambi kweenguqulelo, kunye neziseko zokuziphatha zikaNjingalwazi Preobrazhensky, kuba kwakungekho ndawo yokuthatha ezitsha. Ngaloo ndlela, ngendlela, umbutho welizwe ngokuthe ngqo we "nkcubeko" kunye nomnini we-diploma, nangona oku kubonakala kukulula, ngenxa yokuba inkcubeko yenziwa ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala, kwintsapho, kwaye emva kwayo kuphela-esikolweni, kwaye loo mfana kufuneka afike kumntu oqolileyo.
I-Diploma yemfundo ephakamileyo ayenzi nantoni na ingqondo
Kodwa imfundo ephakamileyo yaseSoviet inqwenela ukuba ifikeleleke kubo bonke: ke ngoko inkqubo yabasebenzi abangaphantsi kwee-1920, abahamba ngexesha elikhawulezileyo banikela abasebenzi abancinci ulwazi lokuba abazange bafumane esikolweni ukuze bangene eyunivesithi. Emva koko inendima efanayo yayidlalwe kwizikolo zasebusuku. Ukungalingani kwamathenda phakathi kwabafundi kwagqitywa; ngoko, ekuqaleni kwemfazwe ngo-1941, abafundi abangama-58% kwiiyunivesithi zase-USSR babengamantombazana. Nangona kunjalo, olu fi kelelo luneenkalo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, ehlabathini lonke kukho ulwalamano olusondeleyo phakathi kwemfundo yabazali nabantwana: ukuba ubawo nonina banemfundo ephakamileyo, umntwana naye unokufuna ukufumana kwaye intsapho iya kumnceda ngayo yonke indlela.
KwiSoviet Union, ukuxhomekeka kwabo kwakuthathaka kakhulu, kwaye abaninzi babezibuza ukuba ngaba kuyafuneka ukuba kube nemfundo ephakamileyo namhlanje. Oku kubangelwa ukuba iikoleji zinenani elininzi leenzuzo kwiindawo zoluntu okanye zesizwe, umzekelo, kubasebenzi. Kwixesha elide laseSoviet, ukuxhomekeka phakathi kwemfundo yabazali kunye nabantwana kuye kwavela ngakumbi. Enyanisweni, nangama-1950, abo bafika kwiiyunivesithi bazalisa imibuzo eyayiquka imibuzo malunga nobuzwe kunye nemvelaphi yentlalo, kunye: "Benze ntoni ngabazali bakho ngaphambi kowe-1917?" Lo mbhalo - ukufumaneka ngokubambisana ngokuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo kwintlalo yoluntu - Inkqubo yemfundo yaseUkraine izuze ilifa, nangona kunjalo, ngoku ukungalingani kwezentlalo kuye kwaba ukungalingani koqoqosho.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabafundi abaninzi baxhala, ukunyanzeliswa, ukufuduka, ukulamba neemfazwe, kubakho "abaqaphi abadala" kunye nabafundi babo ngokuthe ngqo ukuba impumelelo yeSayensi yeSoviet ifakwe kuma-70s. Kodwa urhulumente omtsha kufuneka, okokuqala, i-elite elitsha yezopolitiko, kwaye ngokukhawuleza, kwaye okwesibini, izakhamuzi ezithembekileyo kunye nokunye. Ngako ke, inani leenyuvesi kwixesha lamaSoviet lenyuke kwizinga elimangalisayo (umzekelo, ukususela ngo-1927 ukuya ku-1930 kwanda ukusuka ku-129 ukuya kuma-600-phantse amahlanu!), Kodwa ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho, amaziko eyunivesithi ahlala esele afuneke. Le nto yayixhalabele kakhulu kwizakhono zentlalo (izafilosofi, izazi-mlando, izazi-philologists, iingcali zezoqoqosho zithintela ukunyanzeliswa), kwaye le galeki ichaza umfanekiso ongeyena kuphela weSayensi ye-Soviet kodwa nesayensi ye-post-Soviet: yonke into efunyenwe kwingqondo kunye nakwizentlalo, njengemibono emitsha, kwimbali kunye ifilosofi, zenziwe ngaphandle kwethu. I-sociology kwiSoviet Union yayingekho - kwakukho kuphela inani. Yingakho izifundo ezifanayo kwintsimi yemfundo ayiphelelanga - izazinzulu nje zineenkcukacha ezaneleyo.
"Kwaye noKolya noVera, boomama bobabini"
"I-Physicists" e-Soviet Union ngokuqinisekileyo yayixabiseke kakhulu "iingoma zomculo", kunye nabanikazi bezicelo ezizodwa-ngaphaya kweengcali zesayensi. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni, ukususela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1979, inani labafundi beyunivesiti kunye ne-diploma yinjineli lenyuka ukusuka kwi-22 ukuya kwi-49% yemveliso yonke! Ngaba unokucinga ukuba phantse iinqununu zelizwe? Ewe, abaninzi babo bashiya i-perestroika ngaphandle komsebenzi. Yaye yonke into yaqala ngokuhle kwaye yothando: ukuqala kwexesha elide, amaphupha e-interstellar iindiza, i-athomu enokuthula, ukunqotshwa kwezinto zendalo ... Kulungile nokuba yinto embi, kodwa inzululwazi yengqiqo - ngendlela epheleleyo-yayiyindlela yentlalo kwiminyaka yama-60 no-70. Ewe, abantu abaselula baphupha ngokuziveza "ngaphambili" kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, akwanele kuwo wonke umntu.
Imithombo yenguqu enkulu kwintlalo yoluntu, okanye ngokubhekiselele kwisimo sayo sengqondo kwimfundo ephakamileyo, ifanelekile ukuphanda ngokuchanekileyo kwi-"stagnant" kunye ne-perestroika iminyaka. Ngeli thuba, ubungakanani bunobuchule bomgangatho: izinga lokufundisa kwiiyunivesithi ekugqibeleni lahleka amandla okuqala kwekhulu, kwayehla kakhulu, kwaye "ukunyanzeliswa kolwazi lomntu" ngokukhawuleza kwaholela ekuhlaziyweni kwexabiso lemfundo enjalo. Iintsapho ezinengqondo zikholelwa ekufuneka zifunde, kodwa ininzi iqaphele ukuba "i-crust" ayifuni ukuxhaswa ngolwazi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayincedi ukuphumelela. Oku kwakungekabikho iinguqulelo - utshintsho lwenziwe ngokukhawuleza kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo.
"Naluphi na ufunda khona, musa ukufunda"
Ngokugqithisileyo, "ukutshitshiswa kwama-90" kwaphawulwa ngumntu ongeyonto engakaze ibe yinto enomdla kwimfundo ephakamileyo: inani leyunivesithi kunye nabafundi banyuke kabini okanye kathathu kwaye baqhubeka bekhula. Into enokwenzeka ukuba idiploma yemfundo ephakamileyo yathembisa ubuncinci ithuba lokufumana umsebenzi ohlawulelwayo kangcono - ngelo xesha babebamba kwaye bengenayo loo mihlathi. Ewe, kwaye ukuthengiswa kweeyunivesithi kwakhokelela ekubeni bongeze abafundi abangazange bafumane iziphumo zeemviwo.
Amaziko aphakamileyo emfundo adlala enye indima ebalulekileyo yoluntu: "ukhuselekileyo", apho abantu abaselula 'banokubeka' ngexesha lo msebenzi walo mkhulu, ukuze ungalathisi amandla abo obundlobongela kwimiphakathi engeyomfuneko - umzekelo, kwiingqungquthela zentlalo, ubunokwenzeka bexesha lokutshintsha likhulu. Ewe, le nto yayingasoloko isebenza, kodwa sonke sinako, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunaseNtshona, apho abafundi bakhululekile ukucwangcisa ixesha labo lokufundisa, kwaye ngoko ke bakhululwa, nabo. Izibambano zabafundi eYurophu kwiminyaka engama-60 ngumfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela amandla olutsha anako ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, imfundo yaseSoviet, kwaye emva kwayo i-post-Soviet, ihlale ifuna ukuqhubela abafundi ukuba ibe yinkqubo engqongqo kwaye bazalise ixesha labo ngokunyanzela imithwalo engapheliyo. Kwimeko ekhuselekileyo umfundi, ngakumbi ukucinga nokuxanduva, ukhusele abanye.
Umsebenzi okhuselekileyo weeyunivesithi wawubalulekile kuthi nangenxa yokuba abantu abaselula bafundela ukuhlehliswa kwimeko engaphezulu komkhosi oqhelekileyo, kwaye amantombazana anika ithuba lokutshata ngokuphumelelayo (ayikho ingozi, ithi, phantse onke ama-philafs abizwe ngokuthi "amagunya omtshakazi") kwaye rhoqo, imfundo nokugqiba. Ngelinye igama, yonke imisebenzi yesibini yemfundo ephakamileyo ifike phambili, ngexabiso leyona nto. "Naluphi na ufunda khona, ukuba awufundanga," - abaninzi abantu abangena kwi migaqo.
Ukongezelela , inkqubo yezemfundo ephakamileyo ihlala ixhatshazwa ngokwezinto eziqhelekileyo ezi zinto okanye ezo zinto zizodwa: ukuba ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwashiya amakhulu eenkulungwane zeenjiniya zingenazo iindlela zokuphila, ngoko ngokuqala kwe-millennium entsha, amagqwetha kunye neengxelo zentatheli ayifuni. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka ye-21 leminyaka, sajamelana nesinye inkinga-ingxaki yabantu. Kwakuyisikhathi sokungena kumaziko aphakamileyo emfundo kubantwana abazalelwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala sama-90, kwaye le yayiyixesha "leemigodi". Kukho ukungena kwabangaphantsi kweendawo kwiiyunivesithi, oko kukuthi, imfundo iphakanyiswa ngokubanzi, kodwa le nyaniso ayikhuthazi ithemba. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba ukunciphisa imfuno kwixesha elizayo kuya kubangela ukuhla kweenkonzo.
E-Ukraine, amaziko angama-900 emfundo anamazinga a-III-IV avunyelwe. Oku kuninzi kunesidingo. Ukuba umgangatho uyaqhubeka, ngoko kwixesha elizayo sinokulindela ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo ephakamileyo, kwaye abaqeshi baya kunika ingqalelo kwidiploma, kodwa kwezinye izinto. Kwaye banokuba nayiphi na into: ubulili, ubudala, iipolitiki okanye iziganeko zesondo ... Ngokwenene, lo mkhangeli usuvele ubonakala: ezininzi izipapasho zengqesho zifuna abafake izicelo nje kuphela, kodwa iiploma zamaziko athile emfundo ahlala enandipha igunya. Abanye abaqeshi bakhetha ukukhetha, bathi, abo bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-35 (nangona abantu abadala kakhulu banokufumana imfundo epheleleyo) okanye abahlali bendawo ethile.
Sasijongana ubuso kunye nobuso: kakade sele singenanto yokufumana idiploma ngenxa yediploma ngokwayo. Ukufunda akuyinto yonke kungekhona yonke into. Kwaye imfundo ifanele ihluke - iguquke ngakumbi kwaye iguqulelwe kwiimfuno ezingekho namhlanje kodwa ngomso. Ukusuka kwi "zapendi" kufuneka kubekho ukuphuma. Sihleli kulo ixesha elide.