Kodwa ukukhulelwa komama kunelungelo elifutshane-kwiinyanga eziliqela, kuninzi kunyaka, kuxhomekeka kukuphi uhlobo lokugula okubandakanyekayo. Kwaye ke umzimba wezingane ulungele ukudala umzimba wayo kwaye uvelise ama-antibodies ayo ekuphenduleni kwimiphumo ye-antigen yangaphandle. Iigonyo yindlela elula yokukhusela kwizifo ezithintekayo, ezikhoyo kumayeza anamhlanje. Izifo ezithathelwanayo ziyi-virus (umzekelo, ukusuleleka kwe-rotavirus - "intsholongwane yamathumbu", imasel, rubella, i-poliomyelitis) okanye iibhaktheriya (isifo sofuba, ukukhwehlela ukukhwehlela, itetanus). Ukugonywa kukugonywa okanye kubulawe i-agent ye-pathogenic okanye indawo engafanelekanga. "Ufanisa" lesi sifo, kudala ikopi encitshiwe. Kodwa into ephambili kukuba ukugonya kubangela ukuphendula okukhuselekileyo kwendalo - ukuveliswa kwee-antibodies. Bahlala emzimbeni, bakha imemori ye-immunological memory. Ngombulelo wokugonywa okukhuselekileyo, i-smallpox iye yachithwa ehlabathini, iziganeko ze-polio, i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, imasel, i-mumps, i-rubella, i-hepatitis B nezinye izifo ziye zancipha kakhulu. Nceda uqaphele, izilwanyana zivumelekile ukuba zithathwe esitalato size zifumane ikhosi yokugonywa kwiinyanga zokuqala zobomi babo. Ngoko kutheni sifuna izitofu zethu ezincinci kwaye zihlala zihlola xa kuthengwa i-pet, ingabe igonywe, kwaye sifuna ukugonya abantwana bethu? Ukugonywa kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kuyimfuneko.
Nangona kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba unqume ukuba ungagonywa okanye awukho, kufuneka uyazi ngokumalunga nomnye umbono wokugonya. Iigonti zisikhusela kwizifo ezibulalayo, kodwa zinokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo. Bamele baphathwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye ngaphambi kokugonywa nogqirha. Ngokombono wam, akukho zitofu ezikhuselekileyo. Okokuqala, ukugonywa kukuphazamiseka okungavumelekanga. Okwesibini, isitofu ngasinye sinezifo ezinobungozi. Ngokuqhelekileyo isaliti ye-mercury okanye i-aluminium. Okwesithathu, ezinye izitofu ziqulethe iiseli zamathumbu zabantu, i E. izinto eziza kuzisa. Ingumgudu wokulwa ne-rubella kunye ne-hepatitis A. Ingxaki iphuthuma kakhulu, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Emva kokundwendwela udokotela wezingane, mbuze ngeenkcukacha malunga nezifo oceba ukuzisebenzisa umntwana, malunga nenkqubo enokwenzeka, umphumo kunye neziphumo zesifo, ukuba awugonyanga umntwana, kwaye ngokukhawuleza uyayifumana. Kwaye malunga nesingqinisiso sokwenzeka kwamanqabunga kwisigonyilo ngokwawo. Hlaziya ulwazi olufunyenweyo kwaye wenze ukhetho.
Ukugonywa kungabomnye (umzekelo, ukulwa nomlingo, isifo sofuba) okanye ezininzi (i-virus ye-hepatitis B, i-polio, isitofu sokukhusela i-DTP, i-diphtheria, i-tetanus). Ngaba ezinye izitofu zingalimaza umzimba womntwana? Cha. Ukususela kwiinyanga ezi-3 zobomi bomntwana kathathu ngexesha leenyanga eziyi-1.5 baqala ukugoma i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, i-pertussis kunye ne-poliomyelitis. Ngaphezu koko, kwiminyaka yamuva i-vaccinated (ibulawe) engasetyenziswa (ibulawe) isetyenziswe ngokumelene ne-poliomyelitis, ekhuselekile ngokupheleleyo. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa komkhuhlane, ezininzi iintsuku ezimbalwa ziziva zincinci i-malaise, izihlunu ziyakunzima kunye nokuba ngumkhuhlane. Le nguqulelo esheshayo yesi sifo, esiza kunceda ukuphepha ukusabalalisa kwexesha. Ezinye izitofu emva kokuba umjovo ungenzi nto. Inqabiseko kakhulu ithathwa njengegciwane le-hepatitis B, eyenziwa kwiintsana ngisho nangomhla wokuqala wobomi, ukuba kukho umngcipheko wokufumana intsholongwane kumama. Isifo ngasinye sokugonya, njengaliphi na isicatshulwa, sinokubangela ukuphendula kwangasese. Iingxaki zivela ukuba ugqirha akayi kuthathelwa ingqinisiso yokugonywa. Ngokomzekelo, izigulane ezithobela unyango kunye nama-immunosuppressants akufanele zijojowe ngeebhaktheriya eziphilayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimeko apho izitofu zingagqithwanga khona, zingafani kakhulu: ukusuka kwi-ARI ukuya kwi-immunodeficiency. Kukho nawuphi na, kungcono ukudibana nodokotela. Ama-immunologists sele sele akhathele ngokuzikhusela kwiimangalo zokugonywa ngokwabo. Ezi zibalo zibandakanya nayiphi na utshintsho kwiimeko zempilo emva kwenyanga emva kokugonywa. Kwaye kaninzi azinxulumene nokugonywa. Ukongezelela kokugunyazwa, kukho inamba ye-inoculations, eyenziwa ngesidingo esinzima. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba izitofu ziphikisana nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo, kodwa ukuba inja ezayo iya kubanjiswa inja, kuyakufuneka ukuba uqhube uviwo olupheleleyo kwaye ufumane ugonyo oluchasene neerbi. Ngaphandle koko, umngcipheko wokugula awukhona nje umama, kodwa naye umntwana.
Inoculation ezimbini
Oogqirha bathi abafazi abakhulelweyo bafana nezigulane ezinezifo ezingapheliyo. Akumangalisi ukuba, emva kokuba yonke imimzana yekamva elizayo isebenza ezimbini, ukulayisha okukhulu kuhla, kubandakanywa nesistim somzimba. Nawuphi na umjovo kubasetyhini abakhulelweyo kwenziwa ngokuqaphela okukhulu, kunikezelwa ukuba oku kunokuchaphazela njani umntwana. Kukho umngcipheko, nangona loo nto ibhinqa into ethile kwiinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhulelwe. Ngako oko, izitofu ezichasene nezifo kufuneka zicetywe kwangaphambili, zenze ikhalenda yakho. Konke kuxhomekeke kwiminyaka kamama. Ngeminyaka engama-23-25 ibhinqa kufuneka libe ne-full set of vaccinations. Ukuba sele sele ekhulile, kuya kufuneka uphinde uphinde ukhiphe "i-injection" yengane (i-rubella, inkukhu, imasisi, i-parotitis, i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, i-hepatitis B, i-pneumococcus, i-hemophilia). Ingane iya kufumana umama wokukhusela kwaye iya kukhuselwa kwiinyanga zokuqala zobomi. Kodwa sele sele ikhulelwe, iigciwane zikwazi ukulawulwa, ngenxa yokuba intsholongwane ingaba segazini lomntwana. Ukuba kukho umngcipheko ukuba umama okhuselekileyo uthatha isifo, ufumana injola ye-immunoglobulins - ezi zi-antibodies ezilungele ukukhusela kwisifo. Kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo zokukhulelwa, ungasebenzisa igciwane lokurhoxisa ukuba loo ntokazi ayiguli. Esi sifo siphila ubomi, kodwa ngeli xesha i-virus ayiyi kulimaza umntwana. Ngaphandle kwekhadi lokugoma, umntwana anganqatshelwa ukuba angeniswe kwi-kindergarten. Ngokusemthethweni, kufuneka ukuba athathwe kwi-nursergart kunye nesikolo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenene kuya kuba neengxaki ngokulawulwa, ngokukodwa ngokuqwalasela uhlobo oluthile lomgca esinalo kwi-nursergartens. Ngoko ulungiselele nayiphi na ukujika kweemeko.
Uhambo olude
Nangona abahambahamba bengabonwa njengezigulane ezingapheliyo, kodwa kufuneka bahlawule ngokugqithiseleyo ukugonya. Kwaye akusebenzi nje kuphela ukuya kumazwe angaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, i-hepatitis A ibilokhu icingelwa njenge-inoculation, kodwa esi sifo sisatholakala kwiindawo zokufudumala ezifudumele, ngokomzekelo, eTurkey, eYiputa, eSpain, naseCyprus. UWilly-nilly uyazibuza ukuba uza kuphi ixesha elizayo kwiholide. Ukugonywa kwi-typhoid fever eyenzelwa abavakhenkethi abaya kumazwe asakhulayo aseNyakatho Afrika, eIndiya, e-Central Asia. Ifiva ephuzi iqhelekile e-Afrika naseMzantsi Melika. Ukugonywa kuthathwa enye ukuya kweveki ezimbini ngaphambi kohambo, kwanele ukugonya kanye emva kweminyaka elishumi. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo kuthi i-encephalitis ephathwe ngekhakethi inokutheleleka phantse yonke indawo: ukusuka kuKarelia ukuya kwii-Urals neSiberia. Enyanisweni, ummandla waseMoscow kunye neRussia ephakathi, ikethi ayifumananga ngokwaneleyo ukuthetha ngesi sifo. Kodwa ukuba uhlala uye ehlathini, kungcono ukuba ugonywe. Inkomfa yeentaka i-H5N1 ikhowudi isele ivale, kodwa isitofu asizange siphuhliswe okwamanje. Yonke into ehleliyo kubahambi ukuya e-Asia kukukhusela iifama zeenkukhu kwaye uqaphele ukupheka inyama namaqanda. Ngoku siyazi ukuba yiyiphi i-vaccination ebaluleke kakhulu kumntwana.