Ukukhutshwa kwezifowuni
Iingxabano malunga ne-radioactivity yayo igcinwe ukususela ekuqaleni. Abanye abaphandi bathi imizuzu engama-30 yokunxibelelana kwifowuni kaninzi iyanciphisa umsebenzi wengqondo. Abanye, ngokuchasene noko, babone ukwanda kweengcali phakathi kweqela lamavolontiya. Kanti abanye baqhuba "ukuhlanganiswa" kwamagundane kwaye bafumanisa ukuba kwiingcongolo imemori yendawo yonakalisiwe, kunye nokukwazi ukuhamba kwindawo. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba konke oku kuphazamisayo. Enyanisweni, iifowuni zafakwa ubomi bemihla ngemihla kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anamashumi mabini ezedlulileyo. Kwaye ukunyuka kokufa ngenxa yezizathu "ezingachazwanga" akunzeki. Ngelo xesha, asimele sikhohlwe ngemiphumo engaziwayo engabonakala kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Isenzo salo nawuphi na umthombo wemisebe ye-electromagnetic inobungozi. Ukuba uhambisa ityhubhu 10 cm kwindlebe, ubukhulu be-irradiation buya kuhla nge-100. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba kungcono ukusebenzisa isistim ngaphandle kokuthetha. Futhi ungayithwali kwipokethi yengubo, kunye nengxowa. Musa ukuhlala kufuphi neTV: ikhupha i-radiation-ngulo mgaqo, sikhumbule kwasekuqaleni. Enyanisweni, awaziwa yintoni abazali abayixhala ngayo: ukukhanya kwemitha okanye ukujonga okungafunekiyo kwiprogram yabantu abadala. Kodwa inyaniso ihlala: ngoku ngoku sinqongophele abantwana bethu ukubukela iTV. Iingcali zenzululwazi zibonakalise ukuba ukungabikho kwemfucuza akuyona ize: umzimba usemngciphekweni we-kinescope ye-TV kunye nabagadi be-CRT (i-cathode ray tube). Umgaqo we-CRT usekelwe ekukhutsheni kwee-elektrons kunye ne-braking yabo kwisikrini, esihlanganiswe ngumbutho okhethekileyo. Njengomphumo wale nto, ukukhanya okubonakalayo kweevelength ethile kukhanyiswa (eqinisweni, umfanekiso wesibonakala uvela kwisikrini). Enyanisweni, lo yi-ray ray, kodwa amandla aphantsi. Izikrini zazo zonke ii-TV ze-CRT kunye nabagadi bamacandelo zixhotywe ngeengubo ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela, eziphelisa ngokukhawuleza i-radiation eyingozi.
Imitha evela kwiTV
Isisombululo esicacileyo kukutshintsha i-CRT TV enekristal yamanzi okanye iplasma. Ukuze ingabonakali kwimpembelelo enobungozi, iingcali zincoma ukuba "ugcine umgama": ukuba ubekwe kumgama ongaphantsi kwe-1.5 m ukusuka kwi-TV. Zama ukuhlala emva kokusebenza kwee-CRT kunye neethelevishini, musa ukuzibeka ezikufutshane kwiindonga zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo, njengoko oku kubangela ukubonakala "kwemiboniso" yemisebe. Umgama ukusuka kumva kwimeko eludongeni awukho ngaphantsi kwama-50 cm.
Izaphulo ezivela kwii-oven microwaves
Inqaku elithi "i-oven microwave" empeleni ayinyani ngokwenene, ngokuba imisebe ye-microwave isebenzisa ubude obude malunga neentimitha ezili-12 (kunye ne-2.45 GHz). Amagquma angene ngaphakathi kwimizi kwindawo ethile kwaye afudumise ama-molecule amaninzi kunye namanzi. Emva koko ama-molecule afudumele atshintshe ukufudumala phakathi kwe-dish. Ukufunda okude kwimiba ye-radiation esuka kuma-oven microveve kubantu abazange baqinisekise ingozi yomhlaza. Iqela lezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwiYunivesithi yeZiqu zintathu, eSan Antonio, eTexas zichitha unyaka kunye nesiqingatha zifunda umphumo we-microwave imisebe yezilwanyana. Amanxeba angamakhulu amabini anesifo somdlavuza afakwe kwiinqwelo zengqungqelo ezivaliweyo, apho zathi zixhomekeke kwi-irradiation kwiinyanga ezili-8. Iipalenti ezilikhulu zokulawula amagundane kwiimpawu ezifanayo zogqirha zazikhanyiswa ngokukhanya okuqhelekileyo. Uhlalutyo lweziphumo alubonakalanga naziphi na izinto ezahlukileyo ekuphuhliseni izidumbu kunye nokuphila kwezilwanyana. Yeka ukwesaba nokukhathazeka, kodwa ujabulele ithuba lokufudumala okanye ukukrazula isidlo. Nge-oven microwave esebenzayo, kumgama wamasentimitha ama-5 ukusuka kuyo, umbane uphantsi ngaphantsi kwewefoni ye-GSM kumgama omnye. Kodwa ngelo xesha siyachukumisa ifowuni ephathekayo entloko, kwaye asiyi kufakelwa kanzima kwi-oven microwave. Emva kwengozi yaseChernobyl idlulileyo iminyaka, kodwa uluntu luloyiko lwemitha. Kuyinto engokwemvelo, kuba ezinye i-radionuclides zinokubola ngenxa yamaninzi kunye neminyaka yeminyaka, ihlambela umhlaba kunye namanzi. Ukubonakaliswa kwemisebe, imiphefumlo ephilileyo, iyingozi. Ukwesaba kwethu "kukhutshwe" ngedatha edidayo ye-SES ihlaselwa kwiimarike zeedolophu ezinkulu: amawaka eekhigram zeemveliso "ezingcolileyo" zithathwa minyaka yonke.
Izaphulo zemitha
Ukuba i-particle yenyukliya okanye i-quantum eyadlula kwi-tissue ye-biological ayibangeli ukuzonwabisa kodwa ionisation yee-athomu, ngoko ke iselfowuni esiphilayo ibonakalisa iphosakele. Oku kwikhokelela ekubunjweni kwenani elikhulu lama-radical ezamahala, okuza kutshabalalisa iintambo ze-macromolecules (iiprotheni kunye ne-nucleic acid), ezikhokelela ekufeni kokufa kwesisele, ukuvela komhlaza kunye nokuguqulwa kweeseli eziqhelekileyo. Amathuba okuhlangana kwisixeko esinomthombo onamandla wemisebe yincinci. Amabali malunga nendlela kwiindonga zezakhiwo ezintsha ezithe zafunyanwa ngayo izixhobo ze-radioactive, ngenhlanhla, zahlala ngasekuqaleni kwe-90. Kwaye ngoku imvelaphi yemimandla yezakhiwo ezintsha ihlolwe yii-commissions ezizodwa phambi kokuba u- Kodwa i-echoes yengozi yaseChernobyl isacatshulwa: rhoqo ngonyaka ngaphezu kweekhilogram ezili-100 zama-berries nama-mushroom asetyenziswayo ngokuthengiswa. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukutya ukutya, oku kunceda ukususa i-radionuclides emzimbeni. Okokuqala, ezi zinto ziqulethe i-selenium, into ebonakalayo ye-radioprotective, kwaye iyakuvimbela ukubunjwa kwezidumbu. Itholakala elwandle ityuwa, isibindi sesilwanyana, amaqanda, ivenkile zaselwandle. Kwimiveliso yemvelaphi yemifuno, i-selenium isisityebi somqolo wengqolowa, ihlume iintlobo zeekolweni, kunye nengqolowa kunye negalikhi. I-ray-ray iyamagagasi anamandla anokukwazi ukugqithisa okanye angene kuyo nayiphi na into ephilileyo. Izixhobo zefluoroscopic, i-mammogram okanye i-computer tomograph - ezi zixhobo zisebenza kwi-ray ray.