Umama okhungulukileyo ngumncedisi wezobuchwepheshe obuncedisayo, apho umfazi evuma ukunyamezela aze abele umntwana ongekho kuye. Emva koko umntwana osanda kuzalwa uyadluliselwa kwimfundo engaphezulu kwabanye abantu-abazali bakhe bokuzalwa.
Ngokusemthethweni, baya kuthathwa njengabazali balo mntwana. Ngamanye amaxesha umama wokuxhamla unyanzeliswa nakwiimeko zokukhulelwa komfazi ngumntu onokutshintshwa komntwana kule ndoda ngokwakhe nomfazi wakhe (ukuba utshatile). Kule meko, umama onguzala unomama wofuzo lomntwana.
Imibuzo yeMbali
Unina olusandul 'ukuxhaswa lunamava amaninzi. KwaseRoma yakudala, enqwenela ukufumana amadoda awanika abafazi babo abancinci ukuba "baqeshise" kubantwana abangabantwana. Umntwana ozelwe ngumama "oqashiweyo" kamva ngumntwana osemthethweni kwesi sibini esitshatileyo. Iinkonzo zowesifazane obelethayo zihlawulwa ngokukhululekile.
KwamaYuda amandulo anamava, abafazi abangenabafazi basebenzisa iinkonzo zamakhoboka ezazisetyenziselwa ukuzala abantwana kwindoda yowesifazane. Ookuqala ekuzalweni komntwana ezandleni zakhe ngokukhawuleza wathatha umfazi osemthethweni, ebonisa ilungelo lakhe elifanelekileyo kwintsana.
Inkqubela phambili yezesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe kunye nenkqubo yokukhululwa kwabasetyhini yazala iindlela ezintsha zokusombulula ingxaki yokungabikho komntwana. Iingcamango zanamhlanje 'zokuzala umama' zihambelana ngqo nobuchwephesha bokufakelwa kwezichumiso kunye nokucoca. Namhlanje izinto eziphathekayo zofuzo zithathwa kubazali bofuzo (kwaye kungekhona kuphela kumyeni, njengoko kwakungaphambili) kwaye "uhlala" kwindawo yemvelo "incubator" - umzimba womama okhethiweyo.
Umzekelo wokuqala ophumelelayo wobubele obunqamlekileyo wabhengezwa ngo-1980. Emva koko umama wokuqala onguzala wayengumntombazana omkhulu oneminyaka engama-37 ubudala, u-Elizabeth Kane. Ibhinqa eliyinyumba lagqiba isivumelwano kunye noElizabethe, ngokubhekiselele kuyo ukutshatyalaliswa kokufakelwa ngendoda yomyeni wayo. Emva kokuzala, uKin Kane wathola umvuzo wemali. Ngelo xesha, u-Elizabeth Kane wayenabantwana abathathu.
Imiba yokuziphatha
Kukho abaninzi abachasene nomama onqabileyo emhlabeni jikelele, bethetha ngokujika abantwana ibe uhlobo lwemveliso. Ngokombono wabasetyhini, lo mkhuba uthetha ukuxhaphazwa kwabasetyhini njengama-"incubators" abangenawo amalungelo kunye nokukhetha. Amanani angokwenkolo abona ukuziphatha okubi okutshabalalisa ubungcwele bentsapho yomtshato kunye nosapho.
Kukho (ngokuqinisekileyo) ukwesaba ukuba abanye abesifazana abaya kumama ngenxa yeminqweno yesinye intsapho banokudityaniswa kwengqondo ngokwenza imfuno yokuyeka umntwana okhulisayo. Kwenzeka ukuba umntwana "abe ngowakhe" ngexesha lokukhulelwa, nokuba ngaba okokuqala kwakubonakala kunomama onqamlekileyo ukuba angakwazi ukuhlukana nentsana. Oku kunokuba yingxaki kumacala omabini omnqophiso, kuba akukho lizwe elinomthetho obangela ukuba owesifazane abelethe umntwana ozalele. Iimbambano ezininzi ziphazamiseka (ngokwengqondo nangokwezemali), ukuhlawula konke ukukhulelwa kumfazi, ukumgcina ngoku, ukumnika konke akufunayo, aze ahlale engenabantwana.
Imiba yomthetho
Imithetho ejolise ekulawuleni umama wokubeletha isuka kwilizwe elizweni. Ngoko, eJamani, eFransi, eNorway, eAustria, eSweden, kwamanye amazwe ase-United States, umama onqabileyo unqatshelwe. Kwamanye amazwe kuphela umama ongeyomsebenzi wokuzikhethela (ozithandayo kunye ongenakhokhelwa) ongenamhlawulo-mvume uvunyelwe - kummandla wase-Australia waseVictoria, eBrithani, eDenmark, eCanada, e-Israel, eNetherlands nakwamanye amazwe ase-US (iVirginia neNew Hampshire). EGrisi, eBelgium, eSpeyin naseFinland, umama ongenamalungelo akalawulwa ngumthetho, kodwa eqinisweni kudla njalo.
Ekugqibeleni, kumazwe amaninzi, umama wokuzalwa, ongenabomkhulu kunye noorhwebo, usemthethweni. Lona linani elikhulu lee-US, iRashiya, uMzantsi Afrika, uKazakhstan, iBelarus ne-Ukraine. Umzuzu obalulekileyo kwisiphelo sesivumelwano esisemthethweni malunga nomama wokuxhaswa ngumama - ingaba onke amaqela ayo ayazi zonke iingozi ezikhoyo.