Indlela zoMbhali zophuhliso lwabantwana bokuqala

Naliphi na umama ufuna umntwana wakhe akhule kwaye akhule ngokukhawuleza kunabanye abantwana - konke okumalunga nokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo komntu, ofumana induduzo ngomona omnandi wabanye abantu. Ingaba kutheni iindlela zobumbhali zokuphuhliswa kwexesha lokuqala zabantwana ziye zaziwa ngokutsha nje? Zingaphi iikhompyutheni ezivulelekileyo kubantwana abangenawo ixesha lokufunda indlela yokuchitha abantwana babo emva kwesikolo.

Kubonakala ukuba ekusebenziseni iindlela zobumbhali zokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kwabantwana akukho nto iyingozi - inzuzo eqhubekayo yokukhula kunye nokuphuhlisa izidalwa. Nangona kunjalo, i-psychotherapists yabantwana kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo ilandele ukucinga okuhlukile, okwenziwe ngamakhadi. Sekunjalo - kuba kubo ekumamkelekeni kwaqala ukuza kubantwana abancinci, abafumaneki kuzo zonke iingxaki zeengqondo zabantwana. Kwaye oogqirha badibanisa ngokuchanekileyo ezi zakhono eziphuhlisiwe ukwenzela ukuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kweintsana. Kodwa ubuchopho babantwana abahlali bamele bakwazi ukuqhubeka kunye nenani lenkcazelo abayeni abazama ukuyifaka entloko yomntwana okhulayo. Abazali abancinci balele kwaye babone indlela umntwana wabo olele ngayo emkhatsini wokulala uya kumangalisa wonke umntu ngokukwazi ukubala ukuya kwishumi kwaye afunde ngeelwimi-kodwa ngaba ezi zakhono zifanele ukuphuhliswa, kwaye emva koko, ezinengxaki yengqondo?

Ngokuqhelekileyo isifo 'sokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili' sigula ngabafazi abahlala kwizixeko ezinkulu - emva koko, kukho ukufikelela okubanzi kolwazi kunye namathuba amaninzi. Ngamaxesha amaninzi umama, ehamba nomntwana epakini, unyanzelekile ukuba aphulaphule abazali abakhukhulayo bethetha ukuba abantwana babo kwiminyaka emithathu sele bekwazi ukukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kwaye bafunde ngokucacileyo baze bazi i-akhawunti elula. Emva koko siqala ukuvakalelwa njengento engenamsebenzi - emva koko, asikwazi ukufundisa umntwana wethu ukufunda nokubhala, akazange asebenzise amathuba anikezelwa zona ngeencwadi nezinye izixhobo. Emva kokuba sibuyele ekhaya, sithintela ngokukhawuleza zonke iindlela zokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kwi-intanethi, sifunde ukuhlaziywa koomama abonwabileyo - kwaye siqale ukuzisa iinkqubo ezisisiseko kwimpilo yabantwana babo. Ewe, kuba asifuni iViten ukusuka kwindlu elandelayo ukuba ibe ngumfundi obalaseleyo esikolweni, kwaye i-chashushko yethu ilungile.

Nangona kunjalo, igama eliziqhenyayo "uphuhliso" kulo mzekelo alungele ngokupheleleyo. Uzama nje ukuqala ukuphazamisa ukubunjwa komntu wengane ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala: ngokomzimba, ngengqondo kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ingqondo. Kwaye konke okubizwa ngokuba "izikolo", apho baqhuba khona ukuphuhliswa kwexesha lokuqala, abanalo nantoni na okugqibela - bahlala bezama nje ukufaka abantwana ngolwazi ukuba kufuneka bafunde kumabanga okuqala esikolweni. Kodwa oku akunakwenzeka malunga nophuhliso, kuba, ngokuchaseneyo, kukuphuhliswa kwabantwana abaphazamiseka kwinkqubo yokufaka iintloko zabo ngolwazi olutsha. Kodwa abazali abayiqondi le nto - baqonda kuphela ukuba xa bephumelela iimvavanyo zokungena esikhungweni semfundo ephakamileyo, ngaba babo abantwana abaya kufumana ithuba eliqiniweyo lokugqiba izabelo kwaye bajoyine ngempumelelo iinqanaba zabafundi.


Ukuqhaqha kwempumelelo yezikolo ukucula iindlela zobhali bokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kwezingane ziwela phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka le-20, xa ootitshala beentlungu zezikolo zasenkulanga bavakalisa ukuba emva kweminyaka emithathu bekude kakhulu ukuqala ukuphuhlisa umntwana. AmaMmmies athatha iintloko zawo aze aphuthumele ukwenza ixesha elilahlekileyo kunye neempopu zaba ngababhali nabaphuhlisi beendlela zokunceda. Akumangalisi ukuba bathenjiswa ukuba inkunzi iya kuba yintengiselwano, umntwana osengumntwana. Apha kwaye "babe" abazali abasebancinini ngokubhaliweyo okukhulu nokuthembisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo "kwizikolo" iindlela ezininzi zazisetyenziselwa kanye, ukukhetha kwinto nganye into ephambili, eyona siseko. Phakathi kwamasu ombhali oyithandayo kwakuyiinkqubo zikaNicitin noMontessori, iTyulenev noZaitsev. Kodwa ngaba yile ndlela efanelekileyo?

Kule nqaku siza kuzama ukukunika ingcamango yendlela iindlela ezidumileyo zombhali zokuphuhliswa kwexesha lokuqala, ziziphi iingxaki zabo kunye neengxaki zabo kwaye ziphi na zona?

UMaria Montessori: amava okuphuhliswa kwama-Italian

UNksz Montessori, umthonyama waseFransi, wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke ekuvuseleleni nasekufundiseni abantwana abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Waba ngumlobi wezobugcisa, i-inventory yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhethwe ngokukhethekileyo ukusuka kwikhadibhodi, iikhabhi kunye namakhadi aphuhlise izakhono ezifanelekileyo zeemoto zamagumbi abantwana. Oku bekulokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba ukuphela kwezibilini, ezikuloo nto yecala lomnwe, kunokuvuselela isikhungo senkulumo yengqondo. Njengomphumo wezifundo ngendlela kaMaria Montessori, abantwana abaneziphene ngokukhawuleza bafunda ukuthetha baze bafunde nokubhala - oko kwenzeka ntoni kubo ngokukhawuleza kunokooontanga abanempilo. Emva kolu cwangciso lubonise iziphumo ezintle, uMontessori wanquma ukuzazisa ukuphuhliswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo, ezincinci zempilo. Okwangoku, kukho izikolo ezipheleleyo ezisebenza kuMontessori indlela - kwaye zifundisa abantwana abaninzi babo bonke ubudala kunye namazinga ahlukeneyo olwazi. Ngexesha elifanayo, abantwana abadala, abanamava abanamava banzima ukukunceda abahlobo babo abancinci kwizinto abaye bazidele ngazo. Imisebenzi elula kunye nokukhupha kunye nokongeza abantwana baqonda ngenxa ye ... ubuhlanga obunemibala, edibeneyo ngentambo encinci kwindlela edibeneyo. Kodwa unokufunda indlela yokufunda usebenzisa ubuchule bukaMontessori, usebenzisa amakhadi akhethekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, le nqubo inezichasi zayo. Ngokomzekelo, intloko yebhubhoratri yengqondo yezingane zasenkulisa egama lingu-Elena Smirnova, imbono kwindlela kaMontessori yayingalunganga. Uchaza ukuba ngezifundo ezinjalo, ootitshala bayalibala ngokupheleleyo ukubaluleka kokusebenzisana kwentetho kunye nokuphuhliswa kwengcamango yabantwana. Emva koko, kwizifundo ezinjalo umntwana akakwazi ukubonakalisa iimvakalelo zakhe neemvakalelo zakhe, ukucinga - akanalo nje ixesha lokubala nokubala. Kodwa ukuba uyamnciphisa umntwana wecala loxanduva lokunxibelelana-oku kungakhokelela kwimiphumo emibi kakhulu, njengengxaki yengqondo.

Izindlela zokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kwintsapho yaseNikitin

Le ndlela kwiibanzi ezibanzi inegama layo-ingcamango yokupheliswa okungenakuphelelwa kwamathuba okuphuhliswa kakuhle kwamakhono - okanye isicatshulwa "IINDLELA". Ingundoqo yembono kukuba iintsana zikwazi ukuphuhlisa ngokuzeleyo ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu-kwaye ukuba ukuya kwabadala abazali batyala imali encinci kunye nemigudu emntwaneni, emva koko abayi kusayi kuba. Kuphuhliso lobuntu bomntwana kuya kuba nako ukubeka umnqamlezo. Oku kuyintloko yecawa yaseNikitin.

U-Nikitina waqala ukusebenza kwakhe nabantwana bakhe. Ukuqhuba iiklasi, bakhetha zonke iintlobo zeekhabhi kunye namacwecwe, imisebenzi yokuphuhliswa kwengqiqo yabantwana. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuphelelanga, kuba isitshixo ekuphuhliseni i-Nikitins kukuphuhliswa kwenyama. Umzimba womntwana awufanele utyithwe ngengubo (akukho nto iphosakeleyo!), Ekudleni komntwana kufuneka kulawulwe yi-calorie ephantsi-kwaye kuya kuba lula kuye ukuba asombulule yonke imisebenzi ayinikwe yona.

Kodwa le nkqubo, ekugqibeleni ikhangelelana ngokufanelekileyo, inobungozi bayo obukhulu-i-Nikitins ibhakawa malunga nophuhliso lomzimba wengane kwaye iphakamisa amanqaku akhe engqondo, nangona kunjalo, umxhelo wempembelelo ebomini bakhe, njengendlela yangaphambili, inokukhokelela iziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa.


Kodwa into ebalulekileyo kunomnye. Ngaphezulu kweyodwa, amaziko ahlukeneyo okuphuhliswa kwangaphambili azame ukugqiba: yintoni eyona nto ibalulekileyo, yiyiphi into ekhethekileyo yile nkqubo, eyenziwa yiNikitins? Nangona kunjalo, zonke izicelo zokucaciswa ngumtshato wesibini esitshatileyo zithatyathwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa. Ukongeza, kwanokuba abantwana bakaNicitins abafuni ukungena kwiinkcukacha malunga nendlela yokuphuhliswa abazali babo. Okunye - akukho nzala yenzakini yazama le ndlela kwiintsana zabo. Mhlawumbi, oku kubangelwa kukuba ukuba ngenxa yokulandela indlela, abantwana abagqibeleni babe ngabafundi abanokuthi bathetha ntoni ootitshala. Abantu bafundiswa, kodwa abanalo iinkwenkwezi ezaneleyo esibhakabhakeni - ngaba kukufanelekile ukuveza umntwana ukuba enze izinto ezinzulu nangakumbi ngenxa yeso sigqibo esingacacanga *

U-Nikolay Zaitsev kunye neekerubhi eziziwayo

Bonke oomama mhlawumbi beva malunga nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi "Zaytsev cubes" kunye neempawu zabo zobugqi. Utitshala waseSt. Petersburg uye waqulunqa indlela yakhe yokufundisa abantwana ukuba bafunde ezikhonkwane zakuqala. I-innovative ibonisa ukuba i-Zaitsev ibone ukuba iyunithi eyona nto yokwakhiwa kolwimi kungekhona kwisilayidi, njengoko kwakucingwa ngokubanzi, kodwa kwintengiso. Iyiphi indawo yokugcina impahla? Kungakhathaliseki ukudibanisa kwesibonakaliso sokuma kunye nesinye isiqhelo, okanye i-consonant - ngesibonakaliso esithambileyo okanye esinzima, okanye nje enye ileta enye.

Ezi zivalo Zaytsev zibekwa ebusweni beekerubhi, ngoncedo apho umntwana eqala ukufunda amagama akhe okuqala aze afunde. Zonke iikhabhi zihluke ngokupheleleyo, zombini ngombala kunye nokuzaliswa. Ngoko, ukuba i-cube "ichaza" isandi esilumkileyo, sigcwele iintonga ezincinane zomthi. Kodwa i-cubing "cubing" izaliswe ngeentsimbi zetsimbi zesayizi esincinane - ukukhala ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba kukho iintsimbi okanye iintsimbi kwi-nutria yekhamera, imida yayo ibhalwe ngezandi zomsindo. Ukuhlukana okunjalo kuyamnceda umntwana afunde ukuhlukanisa i-vowel kwi-consonant ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka, kunye nesandi esivakalayo kwisithulu.

Ukuba umntwana wakho uneminyaka emithathu okanye emine ubudala, ngoko unokumqhelanisa ne cubes Zaitsev - baya kunceda umntwana afunde ukufunda ngokwemiqobo kwiiseshoni zokuqala ezimbalwa. Ngaphambili, akukho mqondo ukuqala-emva koko, nangona intsana ikhumbule ngokukhawuleza isandi sesandi kwaye iyazi indlela yokwahlula ngayo, kusenakuqondakala kuye ukuba ezi zandi zinokudibanisa ngamazwi, ngoko akakwazi ukufunda. Iikhebhu zeZaytsev zingancedisa umntwana ukuba afunde zonke izinto zokugcina iimpahla, kodwa ngaba kufanele kwenziwe le nto? Emva koko, efika esikolweni, uya kuba nzima kakhulu. Uya kuphinda afundiswe ubugcisa bokufunda ngokutsha-kwaye akunjalo lula.

UTyulenev kunye nendlela yakhe

Kwaye kuyamangalisa kakhulu ukuhamba kwayo kunye neziphumo ezona ndlela ezicetywayo zokusungulwa kwindalo yabantwana bakaTiktor Tyulenev. Uvavanyo lwakhe olwenziwe ngabantwana bakhe, olufanele lukhuthaze ukuhlonipha oomama - kuba abantwana babo abakwenzi okubi. Ngoko, lobu buchule bubaluleke kakhulu.

Indlela kaTyulenev kukuba abantwana basemntwaneni kufuneka banakekele umntwana ukuba bazingelelaniswe zonke iintlobo zamakhadi, iitheyibhile, iifowuni zeentlobo zobuntu-zithi, ngoko ke abantwana babonakala bekhulela emkhatsini wesimo sengqondo yesayensi.

Indlela yokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili kubantwana baseViktor Tyulenev ivelisa iziphumo. Abantwana sele sele bafunda ukufunda, kwaye imemori yabo ikhula kakhulu kangangokuba ngomnyaka wesibini wobomi bayayichaza ngentliziyo eyinkimbinkimbi yenkondlo.

Ngenxa yoko, abazali baqala ukufihla ama-geek amehlo abo bavakalisi kwaye bacinga malunga nokuba baya kuthatha imali kwi-lyceum ehloniphekileyo, kuba ubuncinane babo abafanelekanga ukufunda esikolweni esilula.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza abazali baya kuphawula "uphawu" lokuba le ndlela ishiye umntwana wabo. Emva koko, imithwalo enjalo ayikwazi ukugqithisa ize. Usana luqala ukukhala ngaphandle kwesizathu, ukuba lugcinwe, lube noluncedo kwaye lunobungozi, kwaye kuba nzima kunina ukuba athole isizathu esiyiyo sokwesaba.

Ukongeza - ngakumbi. Umntwana uya kwiklasi yokuqala. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukhanyisa ngolwazi kunye nezakhono, okwangoku akunako ukuziqhayisa ngabanye abantwana. Kodwa ukuqhubela phambili "ehlathini" - ngakumbi kuyacaca ukuba yinto enjalo engumntwana onzima kakhulu ukufunda, inkqubo ngokwayo. Akazi ukuba yiyiphi "zubrezhka", ayikwazi ukuhlala phezu kweencwadi zezifundo, ukungena kwimimiselo - emva koko, akayikhumbuli indlela afundiswa ngayo nayiphi na into eneminyaka emancinci yonyaka ukusuka kwi-genus.

Iingcali zengqondo zithi ngandlela-thile abazali abanomnqweno wokukhawuleza ukufundisa umntwana "omdala" izakhono zichazwe kukuba abantu abadala abafuni ukudlala ebuntwaneni, ukubeka isidlo esincinci okanye ukulungiselela i-puppet theater kumntwana wabo. Kulula kakhulu ukuba bafunde le ncwadi ngokuzonwabisa. Ngenxa yoko, abantwana babo ngokwabo bahlupheke kule "phuhliso lokuqala".

Ukongezelela, iingcali zithi akukho nto engalunganga ngokuqala ukufundisa ukufunda kungekudala kwiminyaka emithathu, kodwa ezintlanu - akuyikulimaza ingqondo yengqondo yomntwana obuthathaka. Ewe, kwaye akucaci ukuba kutheni "iLadushki", "i-Soroki-Ravens", iindaba ezifihlakeleyo nge-mitten ne-Kolobok azikholiswa ngabazali banamhlanje ukude? Ngaba umnqweno wokuba uhambelane namaxesha afanelekileyo oku kuhleka kwezingane?