Meshchan kwizikhundla
Emazantsi, ii-genealogical bureaus ezijongene nokuhlanganiswa kwe-pedigrees ziye zasebenza ixesha elide, zithi, e-USA umsebenzi weengcali kwiindleko ze-archives ukusuka kwi-20 ukuya kwi-75 idola ngeyure. Kukho amashishini anjalo eRashiya ngokunjalo, nangona ngaphezulu kweyesithathu kubo bagxininise eMoscow, kwaye ukususela ngo-1997 - e-Ukraine. Ekugqibeleni uphando, oluya kuba neendleko malunga needola ezingamawaka amathathu, uya kuhanjiswa ngegama lakho ngesimo sencwadi ephathekayo okanye umfanekiso ophakamileyo. Akuyena wonke umntu onokukwazi ukuchitha imali kwiinkonzo zeengcali, baninzi bajonga iingcambu zabo ngokwabo, kwaye bakhupha kwizinto ezinomdla kakhulu. Elinye lamagama angawadala i-website eqokelela ulwazi malunga namasebe ahlukeneyo egameni lethu losapho. Ndiyabulela ukuba ndiyazi ukuba ookhokho bam kude basuke bevela kwi-Novgorod, kwaye ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 bahamba baya kummandla ongasentla weMuscovy. Kodwa ndenenhlanhla ngeli gama: akuqhelekanga ukuba amagama abonakale ngengozi. Yaye nokuba njani u-Kuznetsov okanye u-Shevchenko, ngubani e-yard nganye naliphi na inombolo? Ngalunye uhlangothi lwefashoni yokuzalwa kwemveli ngumnqweno we-beau world ukubonakalisa inzala ehloniphekileyo. Ukuthanda abantu abashishini abaphumelelayo kunye nabasetyhini belizwe, njengokungathi bangathethi ngodliwano-ndlebe ookhokho babo kwelinye lemizila - abaphathi okanye ababala. Ngokomzekelo wabasemagunyeni baseUkraine, u-Natalia Mogilevskaya uphakamisa intsapho yakhe ngqo kuPeter kwi-Grave ngokwayo, uKaty Buzhinskaya uvela kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo yasePoland, kwaye uSvetlana Loboda naye wayenokhokho kunye nengubo yakhe yeengalo. Ewe, ukuba ookhokho abanomdla ngegazi elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka alikho nangayiphi na indlela, ngoko unokuba ngumsunguli wobukumkani obutsha - umzekelo, uthenge isihloko esifanelekileyo. Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo kwisiza sombutho waseRashiya ohloniphekileyo "I-Elite entsha yaseRashiya", isihloko sendleko yesikhulu esingu-12 000 i-euro, inani elingu-8,000, i-baron-5 nesiqingatha lamawaka. Enyanisweni, ngoku akukho mkhondo woluntu ufumaneke kwi-intanethi. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukufaka isicelo kwi-bureaus ye-genealogical bureaus ukuqokelela iqulunqo leengubo zentsapho zeengalo ngokubhekiselele kuyo yonke imithetho yokumisela. Ndingazikhumbuli njani ii-classic - "I-Meshcherin kwizikhundla" i-Moliere iyafaneleka ngamaxesha onke. Nangona kunjalo, akubona bonke abacebileyo bafuna ukuseka ubukhosi. Ngokomzekelo, omnye wabantu abacebile kakhulu emhlabeni, umnini-zimali uWarren Buffett, uya kushiya ipesenti enye yecala lakhe kubantwana bakhe - bonke abanye baya kudala ngesiseko sothando. Ngokombono weBuffett, abantwana abafanele basebenzise oko abazali babo abafumanayo, kuba yimali, ukudibanisa okanye izihloko - kufuneka benze konke ngokwabo kwaye bangalindeli izipho ezivela kusasa. Nangona kunjalo, oku kufana nesimo sengqondo saseMerika: ii-milliongidi zethu ezandul 'ukwenziwa zininzi kakhulu. Abafunayo beengcambu zabo baqumba kakhulu ngexesha elidlulileyo, njengokungathi ikusasa labo lixhomekeke kulo. Kufana nokuba injongo yethu efanayo ukufikelela kuAdam noEva ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bangabantakwethu, kungekhona nje kwisimo sengqondo. Kutheni sifuna yonke into echithwa ngexesha elinjalo phakathi kothuli? Ziyintoni inzuzo esiyifumana kwiinkcukacha malunga nabakhulu-omkhulu-omkhulu-emva koko, abayikho na iinduna?
Iimfihlakalo zeAncestors abaziliweyo
Iintloko zeengxelo zemihla ngemihla zithi abaxhasi babo, okokuqala, buntu abavuthiweyo, abasemgangathweni. Akunjalo ukuba abantu abatsha abanomdla kunabo okhokho kunye nomnombo wokuzalwa. Ukunyuka komdla kwixesha elide elide (ukuba ukubunjwa komthi wofuzo wawungekho isithethe kwintsapho) ngokuqhelekileyo kuwela enye yeengxaki ezinxulumene neminyaka. Inkathazo yithuba apho umntu ehlaziywa ngobungqina bakhe, eqonda ukuba isigaba esilandelayo sobomi bakhe siphelile, kwaye kufuneka sibheke into entsha. Ukuphendukela kwimbali yooyise, ufuna impendulo kule mibuzo: "Ndingubani na? Ndivela phi? Ndiya kuphi? "Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwixesha lethu, xa izixhumanisi phakathi kwezizukulwana zibuthathaka, kwaye amaninzi amanqaku alahlekile ngenxa yoluhlu lweemfazwe kunye neenguqulelo. Enyanisweni, inkulungwane ye-20 yabona imithi emininzi yemingcwabo eyahlukanayo. Enyanisweni, le nkqubo yaqala ngasekupheleni kweXIX yeXestile, xa iintsapho ezininzi zafuduka zivela kwiidolophana zaya kwiidolophini, kwaye ekugqibeleni izithintelo zeklasini zaye zaphazamiseka. Emva kwenguqulelo, inkqubo yakhawuleza: abaninzi bafihla into yokuba bevela kwiiduna okanye abefundisi, okanye bahamba ngokukhawuleza, belahlekelwa yimibhalo ebalulekileyo, iifoto kunye nemizi yeentsapho ehamba ngendlela. Imfazwe Yomphakathi, emva koko iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili, ishiye izigidi zabantwana abangenabo oobawo. Izintandane zikhuliswe kwiintsapho zamanye amazwe okanye kwiimfesane, ngamanye amaxesha zikhohlwa ukuba xa zakuba nabazali bokwenene. Kwiminyaka yama-60 neye-70, abantu abaselula banokufudukela kwiidolophana baya kwiidolophini, ukudala iintsapho kunye nokuhlala kwindawo entsha. Ngenxa yoko, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ngokukodwa kwiindawo zamandla, kukho iintsapho ezimbalwa eziye zahlala kwindawo enye enye ubuncinane kwizizukulwana ezintathu. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi jikelele kubangela ukuba kubekho isithuba phakathi kwezizukulwana: abantu abatsha banamhlanje, ngokukhethekileyo imisebenzi yokudala, bakhetha ukuba ngabemi behlabathi, behamba ukusuka kwindawo eya endaweni baze bahlala kwamanye amazwe ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, inkululeko yentlalo, inqwenelekayo kwabaninzi, ngamanye amaxesha inzima. Kwaye ke siqala ukuphupha izithethe, indlela ecacileyo yokuphila, imithetho eqinile evivinywe ngeenkulungwane. Ngaloo nto, ukuqokelela umntu oyedwa okanye ukuthetha nje kunye nezihlobo ezindala kukunceda. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngobomi bexesha elidlulileyo, siyawuqhathanisa nelikhoyo kwaye sibonakalise ukuba yiziphi iinqununu zokhokho bethu okuya kubakho ukuthatha okwangoku. Kwaye ngoku ngakumbi ngempumelelo kwaye silungiselele ngoku, ngokucacileyo sivakalelwa ngongoma wokudlulela kwixesha elidlulileyo, ekufuneka lizaliswe ukuze ubomi bugqitywe ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ngathi, abadumileyo baphupha izikhundla ezizukukhokho - izenzo zabo ezizukileyo ziyakwazi ukuphumelela impumelelo ekhoyo ngoku. Esi sifiso sokuxelela lonke ihlabathi malunga neempumelelo zokhokho babo sinokungqina ngokungaqiniseki kwiimeko zabo zangoku: akuyiyo impembelelo engafanelekiyo, engenangqiqo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kuyimfuneko ukutshulisa imifanekiso yentsapho, eyiyo okanye iyinyani? Nangona kunjalo, ngoku yonke iplanethi yindawo engazinzileyo kwaye engakhuselekanga, ngoko ke, imfuneko yecoba elithulileyo, isidleke seentsapho lifanelekileyo. Siphila kwihlabathi lemifanekiso yeendaba eziqulunqwe ngabathengisi. Le mizobo, engeniswayo njengemigangatho - njengowesifazane wesimanje kufuneka abe, kwaye umntu onjalo-osisigxina, usidibanisa, asenze sizive ngathi siphantsi, ukuba asihambisani neemfuno ezibekwe kulezi okanye iiparameters. Ukukhangela into echanileyo, yangoku, sifuna ukuchaphazela imbali yookhokho bethu. Umgangatho ofanayo uphantsi kwefestile, iivini, iivini ezenziwe ngezandla: kwihlabathi leendaba, abantu baqala ukuphupha ngamaqiniso ahleliyo, kwaye bajonge kwixesha elidlulileyo, elinezizathu ezifanayo. Akuyona ingozi kunye neengqondo zengqondo, ukuthandwa kwezindlela ezinxulumene nokuhlolisana kobudlelwane bosapho bukhula.
Izwi legazi
Abasetyhini bahlala benomdla kwixesha elidlulileyo lentsapho yabo xa bezakhela ngokwabo - umzekelo, ngelixa belinde umntwana okanye sele sele sele ekhefu lokubeleka. Ukubeleka, njengokuba kunjalo, kusebenzela kuthi i-destin archaic yowesifazane-ukuba ngumgcini wentsapho. Kwixesha la mandulo intsapho yayikhokelwa ngumama, kungekhona nguyise, njengamanje. Kuyamangalisa ukuba le nkcubeko yayigcinwa phakathi kwamaYuda, nangona i nkcubeko yabo ingumfundisi. Okhokho bethu bahamba kwi nyaniso elula yokuba uyise wengane ayengaziwa okanye akayiyo yonke loo mntu umfazi odibanisa naye umphumo wakhe - kodwa yonke into icacile nonina. Ukufunda umthi wakhe wosapho, umama ozayo ufuna inkxaso kunye nenkxaso kulutsha olutsha kwizizukulwana zooyise, ngokukodwa kunye nomfazi. Ukukhangela ukudibanisa kunye neenkozi ezifanelekileyo ngokufanelekile, eziphikisayo zengqondo zengqondo. Le mfuno engapheliyo, ngendlela, iqhutyelwa ngabathengisi: khumbula ukuba intengiso ayithengi iziqholo ezininzi okanye ukutya njengento yokufikelela kwiqela elithile, elitele eliququzelelekileyo, elinabantu abaphumelelayo nabaphumelelayo. Ukuthobela le ntliziyo, intsha iqokelela kumaqela kunye namaqela angaqhelekanga, kwaye abantu abadala badibanisa kwi-intanethi kwiifom kunye nakwiindawo ezisemgangathweni. Kodwa nge-intuitively sihlale sivakalelwa kukuba izibophelelo ezingenakonakalayo zibophelelo zegazi. Ulwazi lookhokho babo lusinceda sihlale sivakalelwa ngenkxaso yabo engabonakaliyo, olu luhlobo lwencoko ebudeni bexesha elide, kodwa abantu abasondele kakhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha uphando lwemibala lukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalindelekanga - kwiimbali ezibucayi zobomi, ukukhumbuza iincwadi zentengiso, kwiintengo zexabiso leentsapho. Kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukubuyela kwiindawo ezinxulumene nookhokho abanikeli naliphi na iibhonasi, ngaphandle kweemvakalelo, kodwa ziba namandla kangangokuthi phantse yonke into esiyiva ngayo phambi kwabo iphela. Ingcali yengqondo yandixelela ibali lenkwenkwezi evela kwintsapho yabase-Ukraine abafudukayo abakhule eMelika, kodwa ngelinye ilanga wagqiba kwelokufumana iingcambu zakhe kwaye ngenxa yale njongo yafika eUkraine. Ukuhamba ngegadi eneminyaka engama-100 ubudala, umzala wakhe omkhulu watyala, wafumana ulonwabo oluqinileyo, amava aqaqambileyo. Kuye kwenzeka ukuba elidlulileyo, elifakwe kwisikhuselo esingavumelekanga, liqukethe umbane onamandla, ongayi kuphuza ukwabelana nabaphandi abanomdla. Kubukho bamandla anqabileyo obangela ukuba kungenakwenzeka ukuqwalasela umsebenzi kwi-genealogy yakho njengenkunkuma yexesha. Kwaye akunakunceda nantoni na ukuba ootata babedume ngokuthile okanye bahlanjululwa ngokungafihli, babe neengubo zentsapho zeengalo, okanye bengenakukwazi ukufunda. Thina sizikhethele oko sithatha imali: ukufezekisa nokuqhubela phambili igama lomntu - okanye ubudlelwane, ukunceda abantu. Ookhokho bethu benza ukhetho. Ukufunda imbali yokuzalwa yakho, unokufumana imizekelo emininzi yokuba ookhokho bethu abathobekileyo batyala imali ngobudlelwane, banceda abanye, babenomusa kwaye bathembekile. Kwaye ungatsho ngokwakho: andinayo ingubo yeengalo, kodwa andinguye "u-Ivan, kungekhona ubuhlobo" - ndizalelwe ngenxa yezizukulwana ezininzi zabantu abafanelekileyo. Le yinkxaso esiyiyoyilahleka.
Idijitri in vitro
I-pedigree yakho ingenziwa kuphela ngabadumi beembali, kodwa kunye noogqirha-ngokuhlalutya olunye. I-Genetics ayivumeli kuphela ukuqikelela ukuphuhliswa kwezifo ezifa, kodwa iphinda ikhanyise imvelaphi yakho. Igama elithi "i-genomics" lavela ngoSeptemba 1990, ngokuqaliswa kweProjekthi ye-Human Genome. Nangona kunjalo, ukubunjwa kwesi sayensi kwenzeka kancinci - xa kwacaca ukuba kwizifo zabantu kubalulekile ukukhangela "ithrekhi yomzimba". Uhlalutyo oluninzi lwangoku lwama-genome lwenziwa ngetampu, kwaye kwanele ukwenza oko kanye ngexesha lokuphila. Yenziwa nge-biochips. Ingundoqo yale teknoloji yileyo yintsimbi (ingafaniswa nentlawulo kwi-othomathikhi yombaneli) ngendlela ethile, "i-DNA" egciniweyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kumandla we-biochip, sinokukwazi ukubala i-SNP yezigidi eziliqela (amanqaku atshintshayo we-genome). Ziyakuchaphazela ukubunjwa kwezinto ezizaliswayo ngokwemfuyo kwizifo ezininzi. Ukufunda kwedatha yomuntu siqu kwenza kube lula ukufumanisa izihlobo zenyama zohlobo lwe-DNA kumgca womama, kunye namadoda nakwi-haplogroups (ukuphindaphinda i-DNA). Impumelelo ekuqulunqeni i-genome yomntu ikuvumela ukuba ufumane izihlobo zakho phakathi kwabantu baseAsia, abaseAfrika nabaseYurophu, kwaye ufumane apho okhokho bakho bevela khona. Inyaniso kukuba i-genome yomntu ishintshile ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, utshintsho luye lwabonakala kwaye "lugxininise" kuyo, apho kunokwenzeka ukulandelela ukufuduka koluntu. Ukwazisa ngemvelaphi yakho kubalulekile ekunqumeni ukuxhomekeka kwezifo ezithile. Kuyaziwa ukuba amanye amaqela eentlanga ayenzeka kakhulu kwizifo ze-genetic kunezinye. Ngokomzekelo, i-cystic fibrosis iyafana kubantu baseYurophu, kwaye isifo esiza kuba yiNijman Peak yingozi ethile kumaYuda ase-Ashkenazi. I-Genomics ikuvumela ukuba uhlolisise umngcipheko wokufa ngokukhawuleza-oko kuthiwa "ukubulawa ngokukhawuleza kwesifo" kwenzeka ngenxa yokuguqulwa kweentsholongwane ezibandakanyekayo ekulawuleni isigqi senhliziyo. Ugqirha oya kwii-genome yakho afundela kuphela ukuxhomekeka kwezifo, kodwa kunye nokuphendula kumachiza, ukuchasana ne-HIV, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-lactose, amakhono emidlalo kunye nokunye okuninzi.