Ukungakhuselekanga kunika amandla omzimba ukuqaphela nokutshabalalisa izinto zangaphandle - iibhaktheriya, ii-virus, iipasasites, iibhox zabo, kwakunye neeseli zabo eziguqulwe. I-immune system iqukethe isethi yezonxibelelwano, ngasinye senza umsebenzi okhethekileyo. Zonke izicwangciso zolu qulunqo zingabelana ngokwahlukileyo, okanye ukuzalwa komntwana, kunye neenkcukacha ezithile, oko kukuthi, zithengwe. I-immune immunity ihlala ikhuthele, nangaphandle kokungabikho kwamanye amazwe. Eyona nto iqala ukusebenza kuphela xa intshaba ingena emzimbeni. Isifo sokuzikhusela esingenasifo sihlangene "siza kubandezeleka" kuqala. Iqala ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza xa i-crumb ivela ekukhanyeni okumhlophe, kodwa ngamandla angagqibekanga ngokukhawuleza. Ukukhuselwa kwe-Innate kuthathwa njengendlela engakhuselekanga yokukhusela isifo, kuyafana nabo bonke abantu, kwaye umsebenzi walo wokubaluleka kukukhusela ukuphuhliswa kwezifo ezininzi ezinokwenziwa yi-bacteria - umzekelo, i-bronchitis, i-otitis, i-angina.
Ookuqala endleleni "ongowokungazi" zimela imithintelo yemvelo - isikhumba kunye neembumba. Zinezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ze-acidic (izinga le-pH), eliyingozi "kwiinambuzane" kwaye linabantu abane-microflora - abakhuseli be-bacteria. Iimbumba zamathambo zivelisa izinto ezinobungozi. Zomibini izithintelo zivalela ezininzi ezincinci ezincinci.
"Abahambi" abanokuyithintela loo mithintelo badibanisa nesilumkiso samaselula esithintekayo, oko kukuthi, kunye neeseli ezikhethekileyo - i-phagocyte, ezifumaneka elukhumbeni lweembrane ezinamaqabunga kunye neeseli zegazi. Benza ngokubambisana neentlobo ezikhethekileyo zeeprotheni kunye neeprotheni ezinzima, umzekelo, ezaziwa kuzo zonke i-interferons, ezinokuthatha isenzo se-bactericidal okanye sokuchasa. Ngombulelo kwimigudu yabo ehlangeneyo, u-0.1% kuphela "weentlanzi" ahlala ephila.
Idibanti yeNjongo ekhethekileyo
Ukuzikhusela okuthe ngqo (okanye kufunyenwe) akubunjwa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa emva kokuzalwa kwe-crumb, kunye namaqela amaninzi. Ukukhuselwa okunjalo kusekelwe kwindlela efihlakeleyo yokwahlula "eyakho" kwi "alien" kunye nokukhunjulwa kwe-immunological, oko kukuthi, ukuqonda "umfokazi" oye wafuneka udibana naye. Ukuba utshaba aluqhelanga, ngoko-ke ukukhuseleka okuthethileyo akuyi kusabela kuye nayiphi na indlela. Olu khuselo lusekwe ekusebenzisaneni kwezimbini ezinxulumene kakhulu - iiselula (i-T- kunye ne-B-lymphocytes) kunye ne-humoral (i-immunoglobulins). Bobabini i-T- kunye ne-B-lymphocytes bayazibona izinto ezivela ngaphandle (iibhaktheriya, i-viral) kwaye ukuba badibana nayo kwakhona, baya kuhlaselwa ngokukhawuleza-ngoko imemori ye-immunity ibonakala. Kule meko, okwesibini usulelo alukho konke okanye isifo sifana kwifom elula. Kodwa ukuba iiseli ze-T zisebenza ngokwazo, i-B-lymphocytes, ukwenzela ukuba ilahle utshaba, idibanise i-antibodies ethile-i-immunoglobulins. I-immunoglobulins kumntwana yenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe, ibe njengabantu abadala kuphela kwiminyaka ethile.
Indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni komzimba ofunyenweyo idlalwa ngamagciwane ayenziwe ngethuba lokuqala, kunye nokuhlangana kwemvelo yengane ene-microbes kunye neentsholongwane zentsholongwane kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yobomi. Umntu ocebileyo uya kuba yimemori yesifo, ukulungeleka ukukhusela kuya kukhuselwa kwikamva.
Ukulungele ukulwa
Esinye seziqendu ze-immunity ezithile zi-immunoglobulins. Ngokwinqanaba labo, umntu unokugweba ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo kwaye achaze ngokuchanekileyo "utshaba".
Kukho iintlobo ezi-5 ze-immunoglobulins: A, M, G, D, E. I-Immunotubulin D ibandakanyeka kwimveliso ye-B-lymphocytes. I-Immunotubulin A (lgA) ikhuthaza ukukhuselwa kweembrane ezinqabileyo. Amanqanaba aphakamileyo we-lgA egazini abonisa inkqubo yokuvuvukala. Ama-antibodies e-M (lgM) ayikhunjulwa okokuqala ngqa "ngumphambukeli", kodwa emva kokubhikisana nawo amaxesha angama-2-3, aqala ukuqonda kwaye sele esebenzela ukutshatyalaliswa. Ngenxa yeli propati, ukugonya kwe-IgM kwakwenzeka. Xa ugonywe egazini lomntwana kumanqanaba amancinci aqaliswa ekusebenziseni iintsholongwane ukuze umzimba uphuhlise ama-antibodies. Ama-antibodies eqela leM kunye ne-lgA ukulwa nokusuleleka. Amanqanaba aphakamileyo ye-lgM kwiintsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa isifo sokungenwa kwe-intrauterine (i-toxoplasmosis, herpes). Kubantwana abadala - ukuba umntwana waqala ukufumana intsholongwane kwaye sele ephawulwe. Ukusebenzisa i-lgG, umzimba "uphela" usulelo. Kuthatha iiveki 1-2 ukuvelisa. Ubukho emzimbeni weengqungquthela zeli klasi kwiintsholongwane ezithile kuthetha ukuba umntu usulelekileyo usuleleko (isinge, inkukhu) kunye ne-immunity kuye kwaphuhliswa kuyo.
I-IgE ihlanganiswa xa iipasasites (i-helminths, iimbungu) zikhula emzimbeni, kwaye ezi antibodies nazo zenza ntoni xa zithandana. Ukuba umntu okhankanyiswayo ulwaphulo olumiselweyo, uvavanyo lwegazi lwe-IgE luqhelekileyo, kwaye ukucacisa ukuvavanya kwiimpawu eziluncedo. Unamandla ngakumbi ukusabela kwi-allergen, ephakamileyo kwinqanaba lokugqibela.
Ukuqala kohambo
Ukuba abantu abadala banama-antibodies kumakhulu "ezinambuzane", abantwana kufuneka basebenze kuphela. Ngoko, kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuphuhliswa, i-immune system of crumbs ineendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwimiba emininzi ithintela kwiziphi izifo kunye naluphi ixesha eligulayo.
Amasosha omzimba aqala ukwenza ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Kwiveki yesithathu-8, isibindi senziwa, ii-B-lymphocyte zivela kuyo. Kwiveki yesi-5 ukuya kwe-12 i-thymus iyakhiwa, apho emva kokuzalwa komntwana T-lymphocyte ziqala ukukhula. Ngexesha elifanayo, ifayile kunye nefowuni yefom. Kwiveki yesi-21 yokukhulelwa, i-spleen iqala ukuvelisa i-lymphocytes. I-lymph nodes, kunjalo, kufuneka ibambe ii-bacterium kunye nezinye iindidi zangaphandle kwaye zigcine zingena ngaphakathi. Kodwa lo msebenzi wokukhawulela baqala ukwenza kuphela kwiminyaka engama-7-8. Ukuba ngo-1-2 kwi-trimesters umama obalindelekileyo uya kuba nesifo esithathelwanayo, kuya kuba yinto engalinganiyo ukuyidla, kuya kuba nomngcipheko wokwakhiwa okungalungile kwezi ziko. Kule migaqo, ibhinqa kufuneka liphephe ukudibanisa nomkhuhlane kunye ne-ARVI xa kunokwenzeka, kwaye ungabi niselo.
Phakathi kweveki ye-10 kunye ne-12 yesiganeko, umntwana ozayo uqala ukuvelisa i-imunoglobulins yakhe, ngokukodwa kwiklasi G. Ezinye zezinto ezilandelayo zifumana kwakhona ngegazi lomama kunye ne-placenta phantse emva kokukhulelwe. Kodwa ngaphambi kwenyanga yesi-6 yokukhulelwa, i-immunoglobulins yomama ikhona kwigazi lomntwana ongakazalwa kuphela kwimali encinci kakhulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, umngcipheko wokusuleleka usulele kakhulu kwiintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha.
Emva kweveki yama-32 yokukhulelwa, izifo zengqungquthela ziqala ukwenza ngokukhawuleza, eziza kukhusela umntwana kwizifo ezinyangeni zokuqala emva kokuzalwa.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwabantwana. Icandelo 1
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