Kwimida yabo yintsimbi ye-carotid kunye neentsholongwane zomzimba, ezijongene nokuhamba kwamehlo kunye nobuzwe obusweni. I-membrane ye-pituitary gland, ebizwa ngokuba yintliziyo yesicathulo, i-5 mm ngaphantsi kweendlela ezibonwayo-ukuxhamla kwama-optic nerve eyenzeka emva kweelball. I-pituitary gland iqukethe i-lobes ezintathu, ezimbini zazo, zangaphakathi naphakathi, zidibaniswa zibe yi-adenohypophysis, kwaye i-posterior enye ibizwa ngokuba yi-neurohypophysis. Kwilobe nganye, amahomoni athile afihliweyo. I-pituitary gland kunye nokuphulwa komsebenzi wokuya esikhathini ngumxholo wale nqaku.
ImiSebenzi ye-pituitary gland
Ukususela kwi-adenohypophysis egazini ungene amahomoni ayisithandathu:
• I-TSH-thyroid-stimulating hormone.
• I-ACTH - i-adrenocorticotron hormone.
• Iindidi ze-LH / FSH i-hormone / i-folmone evuselela i-hormone.
• I-STH i-hormone yokukhula (i-hormone yokukhula).
• Iprolactin.
Kwi-lobe yangasemva kwe-pituitary gland, eneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo zamabryonic kune-anterior, ama-hormone amabini ahlanganiswa:
• I-ADH - i-hormone ye-antidiuretic.
• Oxytocin.
Ukukhubazeka kwe-gland gland kungathintela ukuveliswa kwesinye okanye amahomoni amaninzi, apho amaninzi amaninzi kukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Izibonakaliso zekliniki zesifo zixhomeke kulo msebenzi othile wegland ephukile.
Imisebenzi ephambili ye-hormones ye-adenohypophysis:
• I-TSH ilawula ukukhutshwa kwamahomoni e-thyroid.
• I-ACTH ilawula umsebenzi weengqungquthela ze-adrenal.
• Ulawulo lwe-LH kunye ne-FSH umsebenzi weengcingo zesini (ii-ovari kunye nee-testes).
• I-STG ilawula ukukhula.
• Iprolactin ivuselela i-lactation (imveliso yobisi) emva kokubeleka.
IiHormone ze-adenohypophysis ziwela ekuphumeni kwegazi ngokupheleleyo kwaye zichaphazela izitho ezithile; ukufihla kwabo kulawulwa ngqo ngamahomoni ye-hypothalamus kunye namahomoni ayimimiselo. Ukufihla kwe-hormone ye-pituitary kulawulwa ngumgaqo wokungahambi kakuhle ngenxa yazo kunye namahomoni alawo malungu apho isenzo salo sichazwe khona.
Imisebenzi ephambili ye-hormone ye-neurohypophysis:
• I-Oxytocin ilawula izithintelo zobisi ngexesha lomsebenzi kunye nobisi ngexesha lokutya.
• I-ADH ilawula ukulinganisela kwamanzi emzimbeni kwaye ichaphazela izintso, ezikuvumela ukuba ubeke esweni umlinganiselo we-urine okhishwe. I-Galactorrhea yinkqubo yokwenza ubisi lwe-pathological in the gland gland, ephawulekayo yeprolactin kwi-tumori ye-secretary ye-pituitary gland kubasetyhini. Isizathu esona siqhelo sokukhubazeka kwe-pituitary yi-adenoma - isifo esinomdla, esibonakaliswe ukwanda okanye ukuncipha kwi-hormone. Umsebenzi we-pituitary gland ungaphazamiseka ngenxa yongenelelo olunyango, unyango lwe-radiation, kunye nokusuleleka kwegazi, izifo ezithathelwanayo nezigulisa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo imbangela ye-adenoma (i-benign tumor) i-adenohypophysis. Esi sifo singakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwemali engaphezu kwesinye okanye amahomoni angaphezulu okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, kubangela ukuncipha kwe-synthesis yabo ngenxa yokwehla komsebenzi we-adenohypophysis (hypopituitarism).
Iimiphumo zezifo
Iimbumba ze-pituitary gland aziqhathanisi kwaye zihlukaniswe zibe yi-microadenomas (10 mm ububanzi okanye ngaphantsi) okanye i-macroadenomas (ngaphezulu kwe-10 mm ububanzi). Esi sifo sinokuthi singabonakali kwaye singafunyanwa ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwezinye izifo okanye emva kokufa kwesigulane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izicubu ze-pituitary zihambelana nentloko kunye nokunyuka kokubonakala kombono, odibene nokusabalala kwe-tumor kwizakhiwo ze-analyzer ebonakalayo. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuphunga kungakhula. Ukukhula kwe-tumor kungabangela ukuhluthwa, okuhambelana noxinzelelo kunye nokusebenza kakubi kweentsholongwane ze-cranial. Ngokuqhelekileyo olu tshintsho lukhula ngokuthe ngcembe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho isisindo somzimba kwisisu se-tumor kwi-preclinical stage of development, oku kungakhokelela ekunyuseni ngokukhawuleza ngobukhulu bayo kwaye kube nemiphumo emibi kwamehlo. Ngethuba lokukhulelwa, i-pituitary gland iyanda ngobukhulu, kwaye iimpawu zesifo sinokuba nzima kakhulu.
Unyango lwezondo
Iinjongo zonyango lweengcambu zesifo: ukukhutshwa kwezidumbu, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kwizakhiwo ezikufuphi kunye nokulungiswa kweengxaki ze-endocrine kunye nokulondolozwa, ukuba kunokwenzeka, umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wenxalenye eseleyo ye-pituitary gland. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukulawula ukukhutshwa kwama-hormone ngamachiza kwaye oku kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ubukhulu be-tumor, indlela ephezulu yokuphatha ukusebenza (oko kukuthi, ukuvelisa i-hormone) i-pituitary adenoma yintsebenziswano usebenzisa i-transsphenoidal (ngokusebenzisa impumlo) ukufikelela kunye nangaphezulu, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuthintela ukuphindaphinda. Ukungenelela kokusebenza kuyindlela yokhetho kunye nokunyangwa kwama-tumors angasebenzi, ngakumbi abo bahamba noxinzelelo lwe-crossover ebonakalayo. Umbono kaninzi ungabuyiselwa, ingakumbi ukuba unyango luqhutyelwa kumanyathelo okuqala kwesi sifo. Ekubeni kwimizimba emikhulu, ugqirha ungadinga olunye ufikeleleko - ngebunzi okanye kwindawo yeparietal. Lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuba yi-cross-border craniotomy. Igalelo elichaphazelekayo lemihla ngemihla yonyango kunye nokunyangwa ngonyango luyehla ekuqhubekeni kwintsebenzo yecala eliseleyo. Ezi zigulane kufuneka zihlolwe ubomi, kamva zingadinga i-hormone yonyango.
Ukufumanisa i-pituitary pathologies, oogqirha bangasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zophando:
• Uvavanyo lwegazi. Ngoncedo lokuhlolwa kwegazi, unokumisela izinga lama-hormone e-pituitary kunye nee-hormone ezifihliweyo ngeengcina ze-endocrine, ezichaphazelekayo ngama-hormone we-pituitary gland. Uvavanyo olulinganisiweyo lwee-ACTH kunye ne-STH ludinga ukuvuselela okubangelwayo, umzekelo i-inulin, kubangela u-hypoglycemia (isishukela segazi eliphantsi). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba kukho ukukrokra kokuxhaswa kwe-ACTH okanye i-STH, kufanelekile ukuqhuba uvavanyo lokunyusa ngokusekelwe kumgaqo-mpendulo.
• Ummandla wokujonga. I-Ophthalmologists inokubeka ngokucacileyo indawo zokuwa phantsi kwemibono yombono.
• Ulwahlulo. Ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho olukhulu kwi-saddle yeTurkey lunokufunyanwa kwi-x-ray ye-pituitary gland, ebonisa ubukho be-tumor.
I-Magnetic Resonance Tomography. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela yophando, unokufumana imifanekiso echanekileyo yendawo apho i-pituitary gland ifumaneka kwaye iqinisekise ubungakanani besisu ngokuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo. IiHormoni zengxube ye-pituitary zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumgaqo wokukhula nophuhliso. Ukugqithisa okanye ukungabikho kwamanye ama hormone angakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezithile.
I-hormone yokukhula (OT) iyadingeka kubantwana ngokukhula okuqhelekileyo, kunye nabantu abadala - ukugcina impilo yamathambo, izihlunu kunye nezicubu ze-adipose. Ukukhululwa kwe-STH kwenzeka kwiingxenye ngokuxhomekeka kwimiphumo ye-hormone ye-hypothalamus: i-somatoliberin, isebenze ukukhululwa kwe-STH, kunye ne-somatostatin, evimbela le nkqubo. I-STH ikhishwa ngamanye amaxesha ngosuku; ngokukodwa ngokukrakra kwenzeka kwiphupha, kwaye emva kweemeko ezixinzelelekileyo zendalo, njengokunciphisa ukugcinwa kweswekile kwigazi kunye nokulayisha ngokomzimba. I-STG inempembelelo ngqo kwiimpawu ze-adipose (ilawula ukuphuka kwamafutha) kunye nemisipha; ngelixa isiphumo salo sichasene ne-insulin. Ukukhula okubangela ukukhula kwe-STH kuhambelana ne-hormone ebizwa ngokuba yi-insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Ihlanganiswa kwimizimba yechungechunge kunye nesibindi. Ukukhululwa kwe-STH kulawulwa ngumlinganiselo we-IGF-1 ojikelezayo egazini ngokwempendulo engalunganga.
Acromegaly
I-Acromegaly ikhula xa i-adenoma esebenzayo ye-pituitary gland ifihla inani elibi kakhulu le-STH. Oku kukhokelela ekunyuseni ubuninzi beethambo ezinothubileyo kunye nokunyuka kobukhulu bezandla, iinyawo, ulwimi kunye nokwandiswa kobunjani bomzimba. Ukongezelela, izigulane ezine-acromegaly zandise ukujuluka, uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nentloko