Izifo ze-oncological ziqheleke kakhulu kwihlabathi lonke. Okwangoku, le ngcamango iyaqaphela ukuba umdlavuza unemiba yezofuzo, kwaye isizathu esisoloko sisoloko siguqula imfuyo (umonakalo we-DNA) obangela ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi obalulekileyo weseli.
Utshintsho oluthile
Ngethamsanqa, ininzi (ukuya kuma-70%) kwezi zinguqu zincinci, kwenzeka kwiseli enye yomzimba. Amaseli ezesondo (i-oocytes kunye ne-spermatozoa) ayichaphazelekayo, engabandakanyi umngcipheko wokufumana umdlavuza. Isizathu sobuninzi bezo zinguqu ziyaziwa, kodwa izinto ezisingqongileyo ziwonakalisa i-DNA yeseli, njengomsi wesigare, sele zichongiwe. I-5-10% kuphela yezifo zomhlaza ziqatshelwa njengezityalo ezichongiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umngcipheko wesifo ezi ntlobo zomhlaza ungadla ilifa. Ziyiphumo lelifa lokuguqulwa kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-genees ezixhomekeke kumdlavuza.
Uguquko lwe-Genetic
Emzimbeni womntu, kukho iizakhi ezilawula umsebenzi obalulekileyo weseli. Xa kwenzeka utshintsho, umhlaza unokukhula. I-pathology iyakwenzeka nakwephi na iseli yomzimba, kuquka i-ovules okanye i-spermatozoa (ukuguqulwa kwamaseli ezintsholongwane ezintsholongwane). Ngaloo ndlela, utshintsho lunokudluliselwa kwizizukulwana eziphumelelayo. Ngaloo ntshintsho, uhlobo lwelifa luqhelekile ngokulandelelana.
IiNtsapho zeNtsholongwane
Phantse i-20% yeekresela ingabonwa njengentsapho. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphakathi kwintsapho efanayo kukho iimeko ezininzi zomhlaza ngaphandle komntu ocacileyo welifa. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, lesi sifo sinokubangela ukuba:
- Ukuqokelela kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zomhlaza ngaphakathi kwintsapho efanayo;
- ilifa leengqungquthela zomzimba ezinomdla kumhlaza, ezihamba kunye nokunyuka okuncinci kwengozi yokuba nomhlaza;
- Ukubambisana ngokubambisana neemeko ezingqongileyo kwintsapho enye, njengentsapho yabashushu.
Kukho kwakhona ukudibanisa izinto ezininzi, ezifana nelifa lemvelo ethile eyenza umntu ukuba abe nefuthe lemeko yendalo. Emzimbeni womntu, kukho iikopi ezimbini zomzimba ngamnye ozuze ilifa elivela kumzali ngamnye. Ukuba omnye wabazali unayo ikopi enye yomdlavuza wokuguqula umdlavuza, umonakalo wokudluliselwa kwenzalo ngowama-50%. Ngako oko, umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza awuhlali uzuze ilifa.
Ilifa lofuzo
Ilifa lekopi enye ye-gene eguqulwa ngumdlavuza ayisoloko ikhokelela kwisifo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iseli liyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo ngekopi yesibili yesiganeko yesigidi esizuzwe kumnye umzali. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kule setensi ukuguqulwa kwekopi eqhelekileyo eyenzekayo, inokubangela ukuphuhliswa kwesisu somhlaza. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imbangela yokuguqulwa kwesibini ayifumaneki.
Umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza
Ubunokwenzeka bokuphuhliswa komhlaza ngenxa yelifa lokuguqulwa komdla we-gene of predection to the cancer echazwe ligama elithi "ukungena". Inqabile i-100%. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu ozuza i-gene engapheleleyo akayi kugula ngomhlaza, njengoko oku kufuna ukuguqulwa kunye nekopi yesibini yomthi. Ezinye izakhi zofuzo ezixhomekeke kumhlaza zingabangela iintsholongwane ezininzi kwintsapho enye, njengomhlaza wesibeleko kunye ne-ovarian. Ezinye izakhi zofuzo zidibene nomngcipheko okhulayo womhlaza kwimvelaphi kwezinye, izifo ezingekho zizifo. Ngokomzekelo, isifo esinjenge-neurofibromatosis, sihamba kunye nokukhula komdlavuza wesistim somdla. Izikhalazo eziphambili zihambelana nesifo se-epileptic kunye nobukho bee-nodule ezinobulusu esikhumbeni.
Uvavanyo lwengozi
Umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza onxulumene nelifa lezakhi zofuzo ezibhekiselele kumhlaza kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesini esingenasiphelo kunye nokungena kwayo. Ekuhloleni izinga lokubeka umngcipheko, izinto ezintathu eziphambili ziqwalaselwe ngqalelo: ubunokwenzeka bokubaluleka kobuhlobo bentsapho yomhlaza. Ixhomekeke kwinani lamatyala kunye nomhlaza wesifo esichaphazelekayo kule ntsapho, kunye nesithuba esiye senzeke ngalo isifo; Inokwenzeka ukuba ilungu lentsapho lizuze ilifa lomzimba. Ixhomekeke kwisimo sakhe kwisigidi, iminyaka, ubukho be-tumor ebulalayo; amathuba okuba nomdlavuza ukuba i-gene izuze ilifa; lizimisele ngokungena kwayo. Kuvavanyo lokubeka ingozi, ukudibanisa kwezi zinto kuthethwa ngqalelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo iziphumo zinzima ukuthetha kwifomu efikeleleka kwisigulane. Akukho ndlela efanelekileyo yokumxelela ngomngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza - indlela kufuneka ibe ngabanye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umlinganiselo wengozi umele njengepesenti okanye njenge-1: X ratio. Ixabiso elifunyenweyo lifaniswa nomngcipheko kuluntu jikelele. Ukulawulwa kwezigulane - abathwali bezitho zofuzo ezibangelwa ngumhlaza kuxhomekeka, ngokukodwa, kwinqanaba lomngcipheko wophuhliso lomhlaza. Uphononongwa ngoncedo lwezicalulo ezizodwa kwinkqubo yokucebisa ngezofuzo. Ukuxhomekeka kobuninzi kwiimpawu zesifo somhlaza kwintsapho kunokufunyanwa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, umzekelo, ukuba elinye lamalungu akhe lixhala malunga nenani elikhulayo lemihlaza yesihlobo kunye nokufuna iingcebiso kwiingcali. Amalungu ezintsapho ezinesifo esiphambili somhlaza zivame ukuhlakulela izicubu ezinobuncinane. Ukongezelela koko, iziganeko zokuxhatshazwa ngaphakathi kwintsapho zingaba ziphezulu kunabantu.
Ngomhlaza kubantwana
Ngenxa yentsholongwane yesifo somhlaza weentsapho, ukuqala kwesi sifo akuqhelekanga ebuntwaneni, ngaphandle kwezilwanyana ezinqabile kakhulu, ezifana ne-endocrine neoplasia-H (MEN-H).
Imigangatho yokulaliswa esibhedlele
Okwangoku, akunakwenzeka ukuqhuba uphando kwiziko lofuzo kuzo zonke izigulane ezineengxaki zomhlaza kwintsapho. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba amaziko angonyango ahambelane nemigangatho yokubhedlele. I-genetic centre inikezela nokulawulwa kwezigulane kwingozi enkulu yokwenza umdlavuza, kodwa ayikho phezulu ngokwaneleyo ukufumana ukuthunyelwa kwingcali. Umsebenzi weengcebiso ngezofuzo kukubonelela izigulane ngolwazi olufikeleleko malunga neepatheni zophuhliso lweehlamba ezibi.
Amaziko e-Genetic
Kwikliniki, oogqirha banako ukuvavanya ifa eliyifumene kunye nomngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza, banike isigulane ngolwazi malunga nelifa lezinto eziphilayo ezibeka phambili ekunciphiseni umngcipheko kunye nokuhlolwa kofuzo. Kubalulekile ukuchazela isigulane ukuba akuzona zonke iimeko zesifo somhlaza wesizwe ezidibaniswa nelifa lomntu owaziwayo wokuzimela-ezininzi zazo azizange zichongwe ukuba zibe ngumhla. Uvavanyo lomngcipheko Ingozi yomhlaza ingaba yingxaki ekubikeleni ingozi enkulu yomhlaza. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela enjengokungabangela ukuba uxhalabise kakhulu isiguli. Kwakhona kunokuba kunzima ukuchazela isiguli ukuba umngcipheko womhlaza uphantsi kunokuba wacinga. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ukungaqondi kakuhle ukuba intombi yesigulane nomhlaza webele iqela kwiingozi ezingakumbi zesifo. Ukuba imeko yesifo somama ihlukile kwintsapho kwaye i-tumor ibonakale emva kokumiswa komzimba, umngcipheko wokuvelisa umdlavuza webele awuphezulu kunabantu. Isicwangciso solawulo lwesigulane okanye intsapho yonke kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo zokugqibela zokuvavanya kwithuba lokufa komdlavuza wokuguqula umdlavuza kunye nomngcipheko ochaphazelekayo wokuhlamba isifo esibi.
Kukho imimandla emine yokulawulwa kwezi zigulane (ezimbini zokuqala zingasetyenziselwa kwiimeko zokungcipheka komngcipheko):
- Ukuhlola umhlaza - kubandakanya i-mammography ukuba ingabandakanyi izicubu zebele kunye ne-colonoscopy ukufumana umdlavuza wekoloni;
- ukuguquka kwendlela yokuphila - ukutya okunokulinganisela kunye nokungabhemi;
- hlalutyo;
- amanyathelo okukhusela.
Amanyathelo okukhusela
Izigulane ezinomngcipheko ophezulu kakhulu we-syndrome yesifo esingumzuzwana ngaphezu kwendlela yokuhlola kunye nokuguquka kwendlela yokuphila zinikezelwa uhlalutyo lwezofuzo, kunye nenani lamanyathelo okukhusela. Ezi zinto zingabandakanya i-prophylactic mastectomy (ukususwa kweentlanzi zamathambo) kunye ne-oophorectomy (ukususwa kwee-ovari) kubathwali be-BRCA1 / 2 gene kunye ne-colectomy (ukususwa kwe-intestine enkulu) kubathwali be-FAP gene ukukhusela ukuphuhliswa komhlaza walezi ziko kwixesha elizayo. Ukufumana ukuguqulwa kwamagciwane athile okubangela umdlavuza, kunokwenzeka ukuqhuba uvavanyo olulodwa lwegazi. Ukutshintshiselwa kwimizimba kuthintela ngokupheleleyo yonke imfuza, kwaye kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa kwezityalo ziyimpawu. Kwezinye iindidi zentlanga kukho ukunyamekela ukunyuswa kwezinto ezithile. Ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kofuzo kunikezelwa kuwo onke amalungu omndeni, kuyimfuneko ukuchonga uhlobo lokuguquka kweentsapho. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuqhutywa ngokuyinxalenye ilungu lentsapho eliye lachaphazeleka ngumhlaza. Xa uhlobo lweentshukumo zentsapho luchongiwe, kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlalutyo lwezofuzo kuzo zonke ezinye izalamane. Ngelishwa, ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba amanye amalungu entsapho enomdlavuza ayasaphila kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuphumeza uvavanyo lwemizimba. Kule meko, ukulawulwa kwelo lonke intsapho kuphelelweyo ukuvavanya ubuncwane belifa lokuguquka.
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwezofuzo
Ukuhlolwa kofuzo kufuneka kuqhutywe kuphela ngeengcebiso ezipheleleyo zofuzo, kwinkqubo eyenza kwakhona iziphumo kwaye inike ixesha lokucinga. Iingxoxo zixoxa ngokubaluleka kwezenhlalakahle kunye nomntu ngamnye weempembelelo ezilungileyo okanye ezingekho mvavanyo. Isiphumo esihle sinokuba nemiphumo emibi yengqondo yomntu ovivinywayo kunye namalungu entsapho. Kungakhokelela kwimiphumo emibi yabantu, njengokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ubomi okanye ukufumana umsebenzi.
Uvavanyo lwe-Genetic kubantwana
Abantwana abahlala bekhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise ukuhlolwa kofuzo ukuze bachonge izakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nomathuba wokuba nomhlaza ekudala. Uphando luqhutyelwa kuphela kwimeko apho isiphumo sayo singathintela ukuphathwa kwesigulane, umzekelo, kwi-MEN-PA syndrome. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abathwali be-genetic mutant banikezwa i-thyroidectomy kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-15, engabandakanyi ngokupheleleyo ukuphuhliswa komdlavuza we-thyroid.