Umzimba awusayi kuphinda ukhuphuke ngokukhawuleza njengoko unyaka wokuqala wobomi. Kucacile ukuba umthwalo ogqithiseleyo, kunye nokungahlambuluki komzimba kwezitho kunye neenkqubo, kubangelwa ubungozi obukhulu bentsana. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi kwiintsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kwekota. Kuze kube namhlanje, umntwana osengaphambi kokuzalwa ubhekwa njengowokuzalwa ukusuka kwi-22 ukuya kwe-37 yeveki yokukhulelwa kwaye ubunzima ubuncinane ama-500 g.Izididi ezili-prematurity, uphawu oluthile lobunzima bomzimba.
Kubonakala
Ngethuba lobomi bentsana engaphambi kwexesha, kukho ezinye iindidi ezininzi (inhloko inkulu kakhulu ngokumalunga nobukhulu bomzimba) kwaye akukho nto inokuthi i-tissue fatted subcutaneous. Ulusu lubomvu obomvu kwaye luxakeke, lufakwe ngumbane okhanyayo. Imithombo phezu kwekhayi ivulekile.
I-System yeNervous
Ukuxinezeleka okukhulu ngexesha lobomi bentsana engaphambi kokubeleka kungakhokelela ekuqhubeni kwemithanjeni yegazi, ukujikeleza kwegazi kunye nokubola kwimizimba yengqondo. Kwaye nangaphandle kokuphumelela ngolu vavanyo lweintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha, kukho iingxaki ngomsebenzi wemoto kunye neetoni zomsila, ezinye iingcamango, okanye ukutsana, zichithwe ngokukhawuleza (okanye zingekho). Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwala bantwana banamandla abo aphantsi okugcoba nokugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Umntwana osengaphambi kwangoko unomdla ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye unxweme, kuba kunzima ukuvelisa ubushushu kwaye ekuqaleni akukwazi ukuwukhupha ngokuzikhupha (izigulane ezithuthukileyo azisebenziyo). Konke oku kuchaza ukubaluleka okhethekileyo kokugcina ukushisa okuphephile rhoqo kwigumbi apho umntwana osanda kuzalwa khona. Abazali akufanele bawulibale ukuba ukulandelwa ngokuthe ngqo kummandla wokushisa kufuneka kulandelwe nangemva kokukhutshwa esibhedlele.
Inkqubo yokuphefumula
Unyaka wokuqala wenkomo yobomi umntwana osanda kuzalwa uphefumula kakhulu, kwaye, ngaphantsi kokulinganisa, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuphefumula kwakhe. Enye ingxaki kukungabikho kwezinto ezikhethekileyo kwiisisulu zamapulmonary (i-surfactant), eqinisekisa ukuvulwa kwemiphunga kunye nokugcina "ukufudumala." Ngamanye amaxesha iindawo ezingasombulukiyo zesikhumba zamaphaphu zibangela ukuphefumula okuphefumulayo kwaye zenze imvelaphi efanelekileyo yokuphuhliswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Kungcono ukuhlukanisa umntwana kubo bonke kodwa amalungu osapho Ukuthetha kunye nenani elikhulu labathwali abathintekayo besifo lusenza umngcipheko wokubambisa iimvuthu.
Isifo senhliziyo
Ngethuba lobomi bentsana engaphambi kwexesha, kukho ukuphuhliswa okungafaniyo okuthintela umsebenzi wentliziyo. Ukubonakalisa kwangaphambili ezo mpazamo, bonke abantwana bayathunyelwa rhoqo kwi-echocardiography (i-ultrasound of heart). Ukongeza, i-cardiovascular system isabela ngokukhawuleza kunoma yiyiphi into ebalulekileyo (ukukhanya okukhazimulayo, ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo ekushiseni komoya, njl.): Izinga lentliziyo landa kwaye unyuka uxinzelelo lwegazi. Ukuze ugweme ukukhulula ubunzima bomzimba ngexesha lobomi bentsana engekafiki, kufuneka sizame ukukhusela umntwana kwiimeko ezinjalo ezinomsindo.
Inkqubo yokutya
Ijusi yesantya kunye ne-enzyme zenziwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ke ngoko, ukukwazi ukugaya ukutya nokuchasana ne-bacteria ye-pathogenic kwintsana ephantsi. Ukungena kweso ncinane encinane yee-microorganis tract in the childhood such trains kuholele ekuphuhliseni i-dysbacteriosis. I-peristalsis ebuthakathaka iyancipha inkqubela yokutya kwaye ihlala ibangela ukunyanzelisa, ukunyuka kwemveliso yegesi kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-intestinal colic. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokugaya izalisekisa umsebenzi wayo oyintloko - iqhuba kwaye ivumela ukuba siphume ubisi lomama, okwenza ukuba kwenzeke, ngexesha lobomi bentsana engekafiki, ukufumana ukutya okwaneleyo nokuphuhlisa.
Inkqubo yeThambo
Ngethuba lokukhulelwa, inkqubo yeethambo yenziwa enye yeyokuqala, kuba umlinganiselo wayo kuphela kwabantwana abaselula banqanaba lokunciphisa amathambo. Oku kubangela umngcipheko wokwanda kwamaziko. Nangona i-vitamin D, i-phosphorus kunye ne-calcium engenako-ncinane ixeshana ikhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwesi sifo. Ukuze ugweme oku, abantwana banqunywe amalungiselelo e-calcium. Enye ingxaki ebalulekileyo kukuba i-dysplasia yolungu lomntwana. Oku kuphulwa kwenzeka kubantwana abazalelwe ngexesha, kodwa iintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha zineenkcukacha ezinkulu. Ukuba awuyikuxilonga ingxaki ngexesha, kwikamva liza kubangela ukuba kubekho ukuhlengahlengiswa, ukuchithwa. Ukungabandakanyi kwesi sifo okanye ukwenza unyango lwasemva, abantwana baqhutyelwa rhoqo nge-ultrasound kunye kunye, xa kubonakala ukusola, umntwana ubhekiselwa kwi-radiografi, evumela ukucacisa imeko yamalungu ngokuchanekileyo ngokunokwenzeka.
Ndiya kufika nini ekhaya?
Iintsana ezinomzimba ophantsi, ekukhulelweni kokuqala (iiveki ezingama-22-28), okokuqala ngononophelo kwisebe ukuqala, emva koko zihanjiswe ekubuyiselweni kwizibhedlele zezingane ezizodwa, apho zifumana uviwo olupheleleyo kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, zuza unyango. Xa imeko yengane iphucula, kwaye imfuneko yokuba ulawulo lonyango luhlale luphela, ubuye wanjiswe ekhaya ukuze aphethwe ngunyango. Kodwa kwanokuba ukujongwa kwempawu zonke ezibalulekileyo zomzimba osandulweyo ngexesha lokukhutshwa akuthethi ukuba ukubuyiswa kokugqibela kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwengane engekafiki. Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yobomi, iintsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kokuba ixesha liphantsi koqwalaselo. Iquka iimviwo zexesha le-neurologist, i-orthopedist, i-ophthalmologist kunye nezinye iingcali. Ukususela ngeveki yesibini yobomi bentsana engaphambi kwexesha, i-prophylaxis ye-rickets iyenziwa-i-vitamin D yongezwa ekudleni, umntwana uhamba ngekhosi yokubumba kunye ne-ultraviolet irradiation.
Indlela esiyihlakulelayo ngayo
Ukuba umntwana oswelekile usempilweni, ngokokukhula kwayo ngokwenyama kukhawuleza.
U bunzima
Kwiiveki zokuqala zexesha lobomi umntwana osengumntwana osandul 'ukukhula usenokuba buthathaka, kodwa ngenyanga yesi-3-4 le meko ilungisiwe.
Iintsana ezincinci zokuqala ngeenyanga yesi-2-3 ziba zihlandlo ezi-2 kunzima kunomzuzu wokuzalwa, kunyaka lowo ubunzima bomzimba obufanayo bukhula ngamaxesha angama-6-8.
Ngethuba lobomi, iintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha kunye neqondo eliphakathi lokungcoliseka kokuphindaphinda kabini ubunzima babo emva kweenyanga ezili-3, kwaye ngonyaka baba ngamaxesha angama-4-6.
Ukuphakama
Kwakhona kwanda ngokukhawuleza - kunyaka unyaka owongezelelweyo ukususela kwi-27 ukuya kwi-38 cm, kwaye ngonyaka wesibini wobomi bendlulelwe ubuncinane nge-2-3 cm ngenyanga. Ngako oko, ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kweentsana ezingaphambi kwexesha ekupheleni kweenyanga ezili-12 zobomi kufinyelela kuma-70-77 bonayo
Intloko kunye nesifuba
Kancinci, ubungakanani bobukhulu bentloko yesifuba nesifuba. Ngaloo ndlela, intambo yekhanda kwisiqingatha sonyaka unyuke ngo-6-15 cm, kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka uncinci kakhulu - kuphela ngo-0.5-1 cm. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila le pharamitha yanda ngo-15-19 cm kwaye i-44-46 cm. , ukuba ngowomnyaka wokuqala wokuphila umzimba womntwana (ngokunyamekela ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuvuselela ikhosi) kukhula ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, ukuhlangabezana nokuphulwa kunye neengxaki eziye zavela. Ngako oko, into eyona nto abazali kufuneka bayikhumbule nangona usana olunzulu lwangaphambi kwexesha - kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni imeko akufanele ibe nexhala kwaye ucinge ukuba umntwana wakho uya kuhlala "engathandi bonke abantu." Ukuqeqeshwa komntu ngamnye, ukuphucula imidlalo, ukusilalisa kunye nokuzivocavoca kuya kuyenzela into encinci kwaye iya kunceda umntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa ukuba asebenze ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye angabonakali nayiphi na indlela kubantwana abazalwa ngexesha.
Ixesha lokuhlaziya
Ikhosi epheleleyo yokubuyisela kunye nexesha lobomi bentsana engenakusasa i-presuppose ukuthatha inxaxheba enkulu kunabo bonke abazali kule nkqubo. Ngoko, umzekelo, kuya kuba mnandi ukufunda izakhono zokusasaza kwezingane zakudala. Akulubonakali nantoni na ngakumbi enzima, ivele yenziwa nje ingqalelo ukuba ulusu lweintsana zokuqala ezinyangeni zokuqala lincome kakhulu kwaye lome, kwaye, ngoko ke, ukunyakaza kwama-massage kufanele kube njengobumnene kunokwenzeka.
Ekuqaleni, kungcono ukukhawulela ukubetha kunye neeveki ezimbalwa ukuhambisa kwiindlela ezinzulu.
Ubungakanani be-massage bukhawulelwe - ngenyanga yokuqala akukho ngaphezu kwemizuzu emi-5.
Ukuxiliswa kwe-stroking usebenzisa i-oyileji ekhethiweyo (i-oyinyumba) ingaqala ekuqaleni kokuphela kwenyanga yokuqala yobomi, kuya kunceda ukukhulula imisipha, ebaluleke kakhulu kubantwana abane-hypertonia. Iimpawu ezifana ne-trituration, ukuxoka, i-effleurage kunye ne-gymnastics engabonakaliyo (ukukhahlela, ukugoba kwezandla kunye nemilenze, njl.), Kucetyiswa ukuba ungenakuqala ngaphaya kweenyanga ezi-2-3 ngaphambi kokuzalwa, uzalwe ubunzima obungaphezu kwe-2000 g, kwaye kungekhona ngaphezu kweenyanga ezili-6 kubantwana abanesisindo esingaphantsi kwe-1500 grams ekuzalweni.
UkuKhula okuPheleleyo
Ukwandisa ukuxhatshazwa ngexesha lobomi bentsana engenakusasa kwaye ukukhawuleza ukulungelelaniswa kwayo kunokwenza ezinye iindlela ezinzima zokuqina - iibhafu zomoya, ukuhlamba imihla ngemihla nokuhamba.
Ukuhamba
Unokuhamba kunye nosana kubusika, ngaphandle kokuba i-crumb sele iguqule iinyanga ezi-2 ubudala (kunye neentsuku ezincinci - ubuncinane kwiinyanga ezi-4-5), kwaye ukushisa komoya akuncinane kune-8-10 C.
Ukuhlamba
Xa uhlamba rhoqo umntwana, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufezekisa ubushushu bamanzi obufunayo - 37 ° C, kwiiveki 1-2 zokuqala umntwana usenokuhlamba kuphela kwigumbi elifudumele (kunye neheyitha eyongezelelweyo).
Ucoceko lwendalo
Kwakhona kubalulekile ngethuba lobomi bentsana engaphambi kwintsholongwane ye-viral pathogenic kunye ne-bacteria, njengoko isistim somzimba sayo sisebenza kakhulu kunokuba i-thermoregulation. Kwiinyanga ezi-1-2 zokuqala, zama ukunciphisa umnxibelelwano nanoma ziphi na izihlobo nabahlobo abangahlali kwindlu yakho - yonke imithombo ekhoyo yokusuleleka.
Ukuncelisa
Okokuqala, ukunyusa umntwana kusoloko kuncinci kwaye kwiincinci ezincinci. Ngokukhawuleza ukhathala kwaye akunakunceda njengabantwana abaqhelekileyo. Le ngxaki ingasombululwa ngokuhlala ixesha elide lomntwana kwibele okanye ukunciphisa ukutyhutyana kwexeshana ekutyeni nokunyusa umntwana ngokubonisa ubisi. Into ephambili - khumbula: Ubisi lwebele lubengokutya kuphela, kodwa kwakhona "iyeza" ngokumangalisayo ukusuka kwiimeko eziphathekayo zengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka ngokomzimba. Zama ixesha elide kunokwenzeka ukuba uncelise umntwana.
Ukuqaliswa kokutya okuncedisayo
Kumele udlule phantsi kolawulo lwezonyango. Njengomthetho, izitya zokuqala zokutya ezongezelelweyo zingeniswa kwangaphambili kunokuba umntwana uzakufumana u-6-7 kg weesisindo somzimba aze atye ubuncinane i-1000 ml yobisi lwebele ngosuku.
Ngokunyamekela nokunyamekela ngunina wakho othandekayo, kungekudala zonke iingxaki ezinxulumene nexesha lobomi bentsana engenakusasa ziza kuhlala zikhunjulwe kuphela.