Ekubeni ezi zifo zenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye zihlaziywa ngamaxesha angama-6-8 ngonyaka, kuyakunceda ukwazi izinto eziphambili. Kule nqaku, siza kuthetha ngesihloko sesihloko sonyaka "Izifo eziphefumulayo zentsholongwane zentsholongwane kubantwana".
Izifo ezithintekayo zokuphefumula
- Imihlathi. Esinye sezifo eziqhelekileyo kubantwana, isizathu esona siqhelo soogqirha kwaye sidlula esikolweni.
- Ubushushu obushushu bubangelwa iintsholongwane ezingaphezu kwe-200 (ikakhulukazi i-rhinovirus kunye ne-coronavirus), ephazamisa izicubu okanye iimbumba ze-mucous of tract tract tract.
- Iimpawu zokubanda zivela iintsuku ezingama-2-3 emva kokuthintana nomthwali wegciwane, unokuhlala malunga neveki. Kwiintsana, ezi zimpawu zibandakanya ukudibanisa kwamanzi, ukugula, ukukhathazeka, ukulala, ukuhlambalaza, kunye nokuhlanza.
- Iimpawu kubantwana abadala: ukuxinaniswa kwendoda okanye impumlo yebhola, intlungu emlonyeni, amehlo enamehlo, ukukrazula, ukulinganisa ukukhwehlela oomileyo, umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu obukhulu bomzimba, intloko yesifo, ukukhathala. I-muscus iqalisa amanzi, ngoko iyanqatha kwaye iluhlaza. Iqanda eliqhelekileyo lihlukile kwintsholongwane - isifo esibi kakhulu, esineengxaki.
Uninzi lwabantwana abancinci luhlushwa ngamaqanda amaxesha angama-6-8 ngonyaka kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba baya kwi-kindergarten. Ukususela kwiminyaka engama-6 ubudala, abantwana abaguli rhoqo. Iintsholongwane zihlupheka kwiibanda 2-4 ngonyaka. Iibhokhwe zidla ngokugqithwa ekuwa nasekuseni. Ukwanda kweemeko zokubanda ngethuba lonyaka kunokuba kubangelwa ukuba abantwana bayichitha ixesha elingakumbi kwindawo, beqhagamshelana nabanye abantwana kunye nabantu abadala. Ukongeza, iintsholongwane ezibangela ukubandayo ziyanda ngokukhawuleza kwindawo epholile, eyomileyo. Izikhuhlane zenzeka ngenxa yokuba, kwezinye iimeko, iimpawu zifana noko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukungafani phakathi kwezi zifo.
Sinusitis
Yinkqubo yokuvuvukala kwi-mucosa yezidalwa ze-paranasal - izibilini zomoya eziphambi kwentloko. Iidalesi zizaliswe nge-mucus kwaye zidala ukungabonakali. Kukho sinusitis enzima, engapheli ngaphezu kweeveki ezi-3, ukuchitha ixesha elide ukususela kwiiveki ezi-3 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3 kwaye zihlala zingaphezu kweenyanga ezintathu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-sinusitis ivela njengengxaki yokubanda okanye ngenxa yokunganyanga okonkcenkceshe. I-Sinusitis ibangela intlungu kunye nokukhutshwa kwendawo, ngezinye izikhathi ukugcinwa kwe-purulent, i-catarrhal inflammation, ukuxinwa kwamanzi, ukukhulelwa komkhuhlane, intloko, nokuba neengxakini zokuhluka kancinci. Indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuxilongwa kukuncedisa iifayili ze-x-ray zezono zangasese. Ukuhlanjululwa kwempumlo kunye ne-saline kunye nokususa imfihlo kuyindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuthintela ukubandisa, kodwa zingabangela ukukhathazeka kumntwana.
Pharyngitis
Ukugqabhuka ngokugqithisileyo kwembrane ye-muxous ye pharynx kunye neetoni, ezibonakaliswe intlungu emqaleni, inokuba buhlungu kakhulu. Njengomthetho, kubangelwa ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane (kwi-45-60% yamatyala), kodwa ukuvuvukala kunokuba yi-bacterial (15%) okanye i-etiology engacacileyo (25-40%). Nge-pharyngitis yentsholongwane, kukho intlungu embi, inqabile yokukhwehlela, inzima yokugwinya, kwaye kwezinye iimeko - i-fever kunye nokungahambi kakuhle. Ukuba iimpawu zokugqibela zinzima kwaye ziqhubeka zingaphezu kweentsuku ezintathu, zingabangela ibhaktheriya. Kubalulekile ukudibana nogqirha ukufumanisa imbangela yesifo kunye nokunyanga unyango olufanelekileyo kunye namayeza. Esinye isifo sokuxilonga sisifo esithathelanayo sisifo esithintekayo sisifo se-virus. Uphathwe njengento eqhelekileyo kubanda, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka adibane nogqirha oya kuthatha isigqibo sokuthi uthathe i-antibiotics. Ngenxa yokuba esi sifo esithathelwanayo sisasazeka ngokukhupha kwimpumlo kunye namathe, amalungu amalungu entsapho angagula kanye. I-bacteria pharyngitis, ebangelwa rhoqo yi-streptococcus ye-hemolytic, ihamba neentlungu ezinzima emqaleni, kunzima ukugwinya, umkhuhlane, iifomiti ezixhamle kwiintoni kunye nasemqaleni, zikhukhumezele izigulane zomlomo wesibeleko. Ngenxa yokuba isifo sinokubangela iingxaki ezinzulu, kubandakanya i-rheumatoid polyarthritis, isifo sesifo kunye nesifo somlilo, naluphi na unyango lwe-pharyngitis ludinga unyango lwe-antibiotic - i-penicillin (okanye i-derivill) okanye i-erythromycin (enye imeko xa i-penicillin ihamba ne-allergies). Ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhosi ye-antibiotics, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola isampuli yamacandelo e-pharyngeal ukuqinisekisa ukuba yiyiphi ibhaktheriya eyabangela isifo.
I-Tonsillectomy (ukususwa kokukhangela kweetoni)
Iingxowa - izitho zombini ngapha nangapha kwesola. Ziqukethe amaqoqo ecubu e-lymphoid evelisa izifo ezichasene nezifo, ziyabonakala kwi-iso elisezantsi emlonyeni womntwana, kufuphi nolwimi, ukuba aluyikuphakamisa. Ukuba i-tonsillitis iphinda iphinde ingaphenduli kwonyango lweziyobisi, iisoni ziyakususwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo le ntsebenzo yenziwa ngexesha elilodwa kunye nokususwa kwe-adenoids. Kwimeko nganye ugqirha uyazijonga ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa i-tilillectomy ixhaswa ngokuqhelekileyo:
- Nge-hypertrophy (ukugqithisa ngokweqile) kweetoni - xa iitoni zikhulu kangangokuba zithintela ukuphefumula, bangela ukuba i-apnea kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inganiki ithuba lokugwinya ukutya.
- Ngokuqalisa kwakhona intsholongwane yomqala.
- Xa ama-abscesses avela kwiitoni. Ezi zinto zibonakaliswa ngokubuyiselwa kwakhona, zithathwa njengengozi.
- Ngoxinzelelo olubangelwa yi-tonsillitis.
- Ukuba ubukhulu beetoni bukhulisa umngcipheko we-rhinitis kunye nezifo zendlebe.
Ukuvuvukala kwendlebe ephakathi
Indlebe ephakathi ixhunyaniswe ne-pharynx kwi-tube yase-Eustachian, oko kuthetha ukuba ukusuleleka kwiphepha eliphezulu lokuphefumula kubakhokelela kwiinkathazo phakathi kwendlebe ephakathi. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha bavele bebodwa. Indlebe ephakathi iyavutha xa isambatho esikumbozayo sivelisa i-mucus eninzi. I-clock ye-tube yase-Eustachian, ibangela intlungu kwaye iyanciphisa ubunzima bokuva (kwiimeko ezinzima zisongela ukungazithulu). Ukuvuvukala kungahamba kunye nomkhuhlane, intloko kunye nokunyaniseka. Injongo ephambili yonyango ukuphelisa imbangela yesifo.
- Ukuba usulelo luyaqhubeka, kufuneka luphathwe ngamayeza anqunywe ngugqirha.
- Ukuba isisifo sisifo, ukugonywa kunye nonyango kunye ne-antihistamines kuya kufuneka, kunye nokulawulwa kwezinto zangaphandle.
- Ukuba ii-adenoids zenza umqobo kwaye zifake ityhubhu yase-Eustachian, kufuneka isuswe.
- Ukuba ukuvuvukala kunobangela obuninzi kwaye kunzima ukunyanga, umjelo we-tympanic membrane kunye neplastiki iyimfuneko.
Izifo ezithintekayo zokuphefumula
- Bronchitis
Inkqubo yokuvuvukala kwi-trachea kunye ne-bronchi, ngokuqhelekileyo ihamba kunye nokusuleleka kwiphepha eliphezulu lokuphefumula okanye ingxaki yokugqibela. Ngokuqhelekileyo imvelaphi yentsholongwane, kodwa ngezinye iimeko kunokuba ibhaktheriya (ebangelwa iibhakteria i-Mycoplasma pneumoniae okanye i-Bordetella pertussis, i-agent engabangela ukukhwehlela). I-pneumonia yintsholongwane ekhutshwe yi-microorganisms ngaphakathi kwe-alveoli; bangela ukuvuvukala kwaye kubangele umonakalo wamaphaphu. Ngempendulo yokuvutha kwi-alveoli, imfihlo ibonakala ngokucacileyo kwisifuba i-X-ray igqityiwe. Unyango lubonisa uphawu, oko kukuthi, ijolise ekupheliseni ukukhwehlela kunye nomkhuhlane. Kwezinye iimeko, ngokukodwa xa kuziwa kubantwana abachasayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kunqande ukukhutshwa komonakalo, okufuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-bronchodilators. Ama-antibiotics kufuneka ancediswe ngonyango ukuba kukho ukukrokra kwintsholongwane ka-bacterium: xela ugqirha wakho.
- Pertussis
Esi sifo esithathelwanayo sibangelwa ibhaktheriya iBordetella pertussis. Emva kwentsuku yokutshatyalaliswa kweentsuku ezi-8-10, umntwana unempawu ze-bronchitis, ezifana nokukhwehlela, ngakumbi ebusuku. Emva kweveki, i-catarrh idlula kwisigaba esineqhaqhafazo, ebonakalayo ngokukhwehlela, ehamba kunye nokuvalelwa kwesifo. Ukuba zenzeka ngexesha lokutya, umntwana angase aqale ukuhlanza, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, nokuba yingozi yokupompoza. Ukukhwehlela kuhamba ngokukhawuleza kukuphefumula. Iingxaki ziphantse zixhomekeke ekuxinineni kokuthintela okubangela ukuba i-pulmonary emphysema. Kwezinye iimeko, xa ukukhwehlela kuhamba kunye nokuhlanza, umntwana unenkcenkceshelo yondlo-oku kukunyusa imeko kwaye kuphuculwa ukubuyiswa. Ukukhulelwa kubangela ukuba uqhagamshelane ngqo nomguli ogulayo, kunye nokufihla, okukhutshwayo ngexesha lokukrazula nokukhwehlela. I-Pertussis inokusuleleka kwi-age ubudala, kodwa iyaqheleke ngakumbi kubantwana abancinci. I-Pertussis inokuthintela ngokugonywa, echanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo ngokuchithwa kwe-tetanus kunye ne-diphtheria (i-DTaP yokugonya) kwi-2, 4 ne-6 inyanga, iphindaphindiwe kwiinyanga ezili-18 kunye neminyaka engama-6.
- I-pneumonia yeintsana
I-pneumonia iqala xa izifo eziguguzelayo zingena emathanjeni emiphunga, zingene kuzo ngeempumlo okanye emqaleni, kunye nomoya ngexesha lokuphefumla, ngegazi. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, umzila wokuphefumula uhlala ngamabhaktheriya (i-britter flora). Ezi bhaktheriya azifaki iimpompo ngenxa yesenzo seeseli zesistim somzimba kunye nokukhwehlela okukrakra, okubangela ukuba iiseli zeciliary zijongene nokususwa kwamanye amabhunga angaphandle. Ukuba ezi ndlela zikhuselekileyo, izifo-mzimba ziwela emiphakeni kwaye zibangele ukusuleleka. Iimpawu ze-pneumonia ziyahluka. Kwezinye iimeko, bafana nomfanekiso wesifo sofuba, esichazwe ngokubonakala kokukhwehlela kunye ne-expectoration (ngamanye amaxesha kunye neengxubusho zegazi) iiyure eziliqela okanye iintsuku ezingama-2-3 ngaphambi kokuqhambuka, kunye neentlungu zesifuba kunye nomkhuhlane kunye ne-chills. I-pneumonia ebangelwa yi-pneumococci ikhula ngokwale meko. Ezinye iintlobo ze-pneumonia, ezinxulumene ne-atypical, zibonakaliswe ngokuphuculwa kweempawu: ukushisa okulula, iintlungu zomzimba kunye noxinzelelo, ukukhathala kunye nentloko, ukukhwehlela owomileyo ngaphandle kwe-expectoration, intlungu ephantsi kwesifuba. Ezi zigulane zinokuba nezibonakaliso ezibuthathaka kwinkqubo yokutya - isicupunu, ukuhlanza kunye nesifo sohudo. Ziyodwa ngokuqhelekileyo yempumoniya eyenziwa yi-Mycoplasma, Coxiella neClamydia. Xa kuqinisekiswa ukunyuka kwemiphunga, unyango kufuneka luqale ngokukhawuleza. Nge-pneumonia ye-bhakteria, ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza okulwa ne-antibiotics kubonisiwe. Ukukhethwa kwesinye sezixhobo ezininzi zokulwa nezifo kuxhomekeke kwi-agent ye-causative yesifo, isantya sobunzima bayo, iimpawu zomntwana ogulayo. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo zingafuneka, umntwana uya esibhedlele ukuze ahlolwe uviwo kunye nonyango.
- Bronchiolitis
Ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane ye-viral yecala lokuphefumula elisezantsi lwenzeka kubantwana abancinci. Emva kweentshukumo ze-catarrha kunye nokufudumala okulula, ubunzima bokuphefumla kuqala, iimbalo ezizwakalayo, ukukhwehlela kuyaqina kwaye kuqhubeka. Kukho kwakhona ukuqiniswa kwesifuba, ngokubonakaliswa ngokugqithisileyo kwesi sifo isikhumba sibheka okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yokuphazamiseka komoya. I-brronchiolitis ivame ukuvela njengesifo sesifo, ngakumbi kubantwana abangaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-18. Ininzi kaninzi ziyabonwa kwiintsana ezingaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-6. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo yi-virus ye-sync virus kunye ne-paravirus ye-influenza 3. I-Bronchiolitis isasazwa ngokuqhagamshelana ngqo. Intsholongwane iqulethwe ngamancinci amancinci emoyeni okhuphekileyo kwaye isasazeka ngokululaza okanye ukukhwehlela. Umntwana ogulayo ngumthwali wentsholongwane kwiintsuku ezi-3-8, ixesha lokunyusa incwadana lihlala iintsuku ezi-2-8. Ngokukhethekileyo i-bronchiolitis (kwimeko ebunzima kakhulu) iintsana ezisanda kuzalwa, abantwana abaneentsholongwane zesifo senhliziyo kunye nesifo somzimba.
- Ukugqabhuka ngokukodwa kwendlebe yangaphandle
Ukuvuvukala kukuchaphazela umngcipheko wangaphandle wokuhlola, obonakaliswe intlungu kunye nokubetha. Ukwandiswa kwemveliso ye-earwax, ingress yamanzi ezindlebeni, umonakalo kumngcingo weendlebe ukwandisa amathuba okusuleleka. Intlungu iyanda ngokuthinta indlebe yangaphandle kunye nokutya okuhlafuna, kukho ukuphuma kwindlebe. Unyango: ukukhululeka kwentlungu kunye nama-analgesics - paracetamol, aspirin okanye ibuprofen; ii-antibiotics (i-ciprofloxacin, i-gentamicin, njl. njl) kunye kunye nezidakamizwa ezichasayo. Ukuba umlenze we-tympanic okanye indlebe yangaphandle kunye neengqungquthela ziyavuvukala, unyango olongezelelweyo kunye ne-antibiotics yomlomo (amoxicillin kunye ne-clavulanic acid, i-cefuroxime, njl njl.) Kuyimfuneko. Ngokuqhelekileyo izifo ezinjalo zibuyiselwa kwakhona, ngakumbi ehlobo. Ukuziphepha, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uthathe izicwangciso ezilandelayo.
- Khuthaza umntwana ukuba angagcini intloko yakhe emanzini xa ehlamba.
- Xa uhlamba intloko kwaye uhlamba iindlebe mazikhuselwe emanzini.
- Musa ukubeka indlebe kunye neetamponi ezindlebeni zakho, njengoko zigcina umswakama.
- I-Laryngitis, i-epiglottitis, i-croup
Ezi zivalo zibangelwa ukusuleleka kumalungu e-larynx. I-Laryngitis iyaqhelekileyo kubantwana kwaye idla ngokubangelwa yii-virus. Ngolu hlobo lwesifo, njenge-epiglottitis, ukuvuvukala kusasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kunokuthintela ngokupheleleyo i-airways kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu kubangela ukufa. I-arhente eyona nto ibangela ukuba i-Haemophilus influenzae, uhlobo B. Ukuphefumula ukuphefumula ngenye yezibonakaliso zesimo sesi sifo, kubangelwa ubunzima bokudlulisa umoya ngokusebenzisa intambo yezwi ngenxa yokuvuvukala i-larynx kunye ne-trachea. Iimpawu ezifanayo ziyakuchukunyiswa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo zentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya, iikhemikhali (ezichanekileyo, iigesi ezivuthayo), izibilini eziphathekayo (i-gases okanye i-liquids hot), i-angioedema). I-Croup yimbangela eqhelekileyo yokuqhuma kubantwana abaneminyaka engama-1-5 ubudala. Nge-croup, kukho ukuvuvukala kwemvelaphi yentsholongwane, umsindo kunye nokuphefumula. Ukuhlaselwa kwama-groats amanga kuvela kusasa ekuseni: umntwana uyavuka eqinisweni ukuba kunzima kuye ukuphefumula kunye nokukhwela ukukhwehlela. Le meko ibonakala ivela emva kokuqala kweempawu ze-catarrh okanye kubanda, kubaluleke kakhulu ekwindla nasebusika, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba i-croup ayikwazi ukugula nanoma yimuphi umnyaka. Ngoku uyazi ukuba zeziphi izifo eziphefumulayo zentsholongwane zentsholongwane kubantwana.