Namhlanje, umntu ongenalo ixesha lokuzala kwaye ongenakukwazi ukuwufumana ngenxa yempilo, eyonakaliswa yendalo okanye indlela yokuphila, ngoko ke eli nqaku liza kuxhomekeka kwisihloko sendlela ukwamkelwa komntwana kudlula ngayo . Apha uya kufunda izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo ukufezekisa uvuyo olukhulu.
Inkqubo yokwamkelwa yinkqubo enzima kakhulu, kwaye yinto nje yokuba banganiki umntwana kwiinkedama. Abazali bexesha elizayo bahlolisiswa ngenyameko kwiimeko zempilo, kubandakanywa kwengqondo, kwizinto eziphathekayo zezinto eziphathekayo, kuphela ngokuqala ukulungiselela amaxwebhu aya kukunika uvuyo olungakumbi, ngendlela yomntwana omncinci.
Kwaye ke, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokunceda abantwana abangenayo injabulo yokufumana uthando lomama. Kwaye okokuqala ngowoku kwamkelwa . Ukwamukelwa kuyindlela yokwenza ubuhlobo, oko kukuthi, ukumkela umntwana njengegazi, umntwana uba ngumthonyama nazo zonke iziphumo, amalungelo kunye neemfanelo. Ukuze ukwazi ukufumana umntwana, akukho mingcipheko yobudala. Xa kwenzeka ukuba wamkelwe, umntwana ufumana igama lomntu wabazali abatsha, kwaye igama elitsha kunye negama elingu-patronymic lingatshintsha usuku kunye nendawo yokuzalwa. Umzali owamkelayo unokuba ngabafazi kunye nabazali abangabodwa. Inkqubo yokwamkela ithatha ixesha elide kunezinye iintlobo zokulondoloza, kuba imvume yokumkelwa inikezelwa yinkundla yomntu. Ukwamukelwa kwakhona kunika ikhefu lokubeleka kunye neentlawulo malunga nokuzalwa komntwana, ukuba umntwana usamkelwe, kunye nembuyekezo yesikhathi esisodwa sokufumana umntwana evela kwisiko likarhulumente. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yokuhlala, iifizi zenyanga zenyanga zihlawulwa. Ukuhlolwa kuqhutyelwa iminyaka emithathu kanye ngonyaka, emva koko le ngotshe inokukhanselwa xa ukukhuliswa nokugcinwa komntwana kudibana nazo zonke iimfuno.
Ukuze uqale indlela yokwamkelwa, kufuneka uqale ukutyelela i-arhentehip arhente kwindawo yokuhlala. Kubalulekile ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nempilo kunye nokulungiselela amaxwebhu ukuze ufumane imvume kubanini bamagcini malunga nokuba ngumzali owamkelayo. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukungenisa amaphepha kwigunya lokugcina, apho amaxwebhu aya kuhlolwa ngcali. Kwaye ngoko ke uya kufumana izigqibo malunga nokuba ngumzali owamkelayo. Ukuze ufumane imvume yokwamkela umntwana, la maxwebhu alandelayo ayadingeka:
- umfanekiso omfutshane;
isatifikethi esivela kwindawo yengqesho ngokubonisa isibakala kunye nomvuzo;
- ingxelo yonyango kwiimeko zempilo (uviwo lwe-venereologist, i-psychiatrist, i-phthisiatrist, i-therapist, i-narcologist, uhlalutyo lwe-laboratory ye-Wasserman, i-AIDS);
- Isiqinisekiso esivela kwi-arhente yezemicimbi yangaphakathi ngokungabikho kwezigwebo zangaphambili.
Emva kwayo yonke le nkqubo, unokuqala ukukhangela umntwana, evela kumzimba wee-trustees unikezelwa ukudluliselwa ekuqhelaneni nomntwana, okanye ngokukodwa, nge-questionnaire yomntwana, ebonisa ubudala, igama lesigama sokugqibela kunye nosuku lokuzalwa, kunye nolunye ulwazi malunga nomntwana . Ukuba awufumani umntwana kwindawo ohlala kuyo okanye akukho ziko labantwana kwindawo ohlala kuyo, unokuphepha ngokuya kwelinye igunya lokugcina.
Emva kokukhetha umntwana, unokufaka isicelo enkundleni, ulinde ngesineke isinqumo senkundla. Emva koko uzakufumana ikopi yesigqibo senkundla ezandleni zakho kwaye ufumane isatifikethi sokwamkelwa, isatifikethi sokuzalwa somntwana, kunye nokubhaliswa komntwana kwindawo yokuhlala yabazali.
Ngethuba lethu kunomthetho kwimfihlo yokumkelwa. Isiqendu 139 soMthetho weNtsapho weRussian Federation sithetha ukuba amagosa awaziyo ukuthotyelwa kufuneka agcine imfihlo yomntwana. Ukubhengezwa kwentshiseko ngokumelene nentando yommiselo owenziwe yigosa kuya kuhlwaywa ngokungqinelanayo kunye nokuvinjelwa kokuqhubeka nokusebenza kuloo ndawo.
Indlela yesibini yokufumana umntwana ngumlondolozi (umgcini) - umlondolozo usekwe ngaphezu kwabantwana ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-14 ubudala, kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana abaneminyaka eli-14 ukuya kwe-18 ubudala. Umgcini unamalungelo omzali kwimicimbi yokukhuliswa kunye nemfundo yomntwana, kwaye umgcini unembopheleleko ngokupheleleyo kumntwana. Ukugcinwa komgcini kunokumiselwa ixesha elithile okanye ngaphandle kwekota. Xa ubhalisa ukugcinwa komntwana, umntwana unalo igama lakhe, igama kunye negama lomsebenzi, usuku kunye nendawo yokuzalwa ayitshintshi. Amagumbi okugcina anelungelo lokusebenzisa ukulawula phezu kweemeko zokugcinwa komntwana kunye nokukhuliswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukugcinwa ngumgca ngumngcipheko wokwamkelwa. Ukugcinwa komgcini umgcini ufumana iintlawulo zenyanga zonyango lomntwana.
Intsapho eyintsapho iyindlela yesithathu, yindlela yokukhulisa nokugcina umntwana. Kule meko, isivumelwano siqukunjelwa phakathi kwentsapho okanye abantu ngabanye kunye nabaphathi bamagada ekudlulisweni komntwana ekukhuliseni ixesha elithile. Ukugcinwa komntwana kuhlawulwa imali, kwaye abazali abaxhamli bafumana umvuzo kwaye banikezelwa ukuphakama. Intsapho eyintsapho iyithuba lokufumana abantwana, njengoko umntwana ngexesha lolokhuseleko eliqhelekileyo kwaye eliqhotyoshelweyo kubazali abangabantwana, kwaye ngoko ke abazali kufuneka balungele ukutholwa.
Uhlobo lwe- patronage luhlobo lokukhulisa umntwana kwintsapho, eye yaqeqeshwa kumagumbi okugcina. Isivumelwano esiphambene nesithathu sigqityiweyo phakathi kwentsapho, abaphathi bamagada kunye neziko leenkedama. I-patronage iphinda isetyenziswe njengenguqu kumntwana. Ukugcinwa komntwana kuhlawulwa ngemali, kwaye irekhodi lomsebenzi liqwalaselwa. I-arhente yokugcina iququzelele uqeqesho, ukuphumla kunye nokonyango lomntu osondisiweyo, kwaye uncedise ekukhulisweni.
Ukumamela - umntwana ufika ngokutyelela, okanye uchitha iveki okanye ikhefu kwintsapho ethile, kodwa ngelo xesha iincwadi zokuhlala kwakhe ngokusisigxina kwintsapho azikhangekanga, oko kukuthi, umntwana ubuyela kwiinkedama. Ngokutsho kwamagunya okugcina, le ndlela yokugcina incedisa umntwana ukuba ahlale ngaphandle kwintandane kwaye afunde okungakumbi kunokhenketho. Ngomncedisi wokucebisa umntwana unomhlobo okanye isihlobo ngaphandle kwintandane, evumela umntwana ukuba angaziva elolo. Kwakhona, ukucebisa kungenziwa utshintsho kumntwana, oku kunceda ukujonga kakuhle umntwana.
Ncedisa umntwana ohlala kwiindonga ezimnyama zezintandane kwaye uzive ekhulile kangangokuthi kubangela ukuvakalelwa. Ncedisa umntwana ukuba athole intsapho aze amnike uthando, kuba naliphi na umntwana onokuzalwa.