Izindlela ezintsha zokuphuhlisa umntwana

Ngaba unqumle ukususela ekuzalweni kweemvumba ukuba uhlanganyele nophuhliso lwengqondo? Ziziphi iindlela zokuqeqesha ezikhoyo kuninzi. Funda kusukela ekuzalweni, count from birth, ufunde ngaphandle, ugibele, uyazi umbala, faka ibali ...

Ngokufika kweendlela zokuphuhliswa kwangaphambili ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlulileyo, umbuzo wokufundisa zonke iintlobo zobulumko ufanelekile ukususela kumhla wokuqala wokuvela kweemvumba ukukhanya. Kodwa asiyi kuhamba ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuya kude kakhulu, kwaye ngokubanzi - "ukudlwengula" umntwana ngeencwadi kunye namanani, siyazama ukudala yonke imimiselo yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kunye nokuthabatha, kwaye uqale ngemithetho embalwa ebalulekileyo eya kunceda ukwenza iiklasi kunye nosana olumnandi kwaye Izindlela ezintsha zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yomntwana - isihloko sesicatshulwa.

Musa ukulimaza!

Lo ngumgaqo obalulekileyo wonyango owenziwe ngokwakho, umntwana othandekayo. Umbuzo kukuba, yintoni engalunganga ngokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, inzuzo eyodwa kuphela. Bekungekho. Ngokuchasene nomnqweno wokuba ngabazali beMoartart okanye uSophia Kovalevskaya, umntwana (kunye naluphi uhlobo olunjalo kuwo) unokuba neembono zakhe kule nto.

♦ Umntwana kufuneka alungele ukufunda - musa ukumelana nezifundo, ujonge ngokunyanisekileyo ulwazi olutsha ngokulinganayo ukuba ulungele ukuyifunda.

♦ Akunakuqonda ukuqala uqeqesho malunga nempilo ebuthathaka okanye nayiphina impazamo, utshintsho kunye noxinzelelo ebomini bomntwana (ukuphulwa kwemihla ngemihla, ukuveliswa kokutya okuncedisayo, ukuhamba, ukuncoma).

♦ Izifundo kunye nomntwana kufuneka zakhiwe ngendlela yomdlalo, musa ukuhlala ixesha elide (iiklasi zokuqala zingadlulisa imizuzwana engama-30, ngokunyuka kwandisa ixesha ukuya kwi-1-2 imizuzu).

♦ Ukuba uhlangabezana nokumelana nomntwana, musa ukumgxininisa uze umphoqe ukuba akwenze.

Indlela yeMasaru Ibuki

Inkqubo yalowo mvelisi (kungekhona isazi senzululwazi, kungekhona utitshala, kodwa umsunguli we-Sony Corporation kunye noyise womntwana, isigulane esinokukhubazeka kwe-cerebral palsy) isekelwe kwisiqubulo esithi "Emva kwezinto ezintathu ziphuzile". Le negama leJapan elidumileyo, elivusa zonke iingcamango ezikhoyo malunga nokukhuliswa kwabantwana kuma-1970. Umbhali ugxininisa ukuba ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu ubuchopho bomntu bujongene nesigaba esicacileyo nesicacileyo sokuphuhlisa: ngeli thuba ukuya kuma-70 ukuya kuma -80% ekudibaniselwano kwe-neural phakathi kweeseli zengqondo. Ngelo xesha, i-90% yomsebenzi onjalo ophantsi uwela kunyaka wokuqala wobomi bomntwana. Uluphi uqeqesho? Ngaloo ndlela, unikela umntwana ukuba afunde isayensi eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. UMasaru Ibuka wayekholelwa ukuba "i-algebra yomntwana ayikho nzima kunokuba i-arithmetic," oko kukuthi, ingqondo enomdla yomntwana iyakwazi ukufumanisa ubuninzi beenkcukacha, nangona kubonakala kunzima, ngelixa umlobi wenqubo wagxininisa ekusebenzeni malunga nemithombo yokuqala. iimvuthu, ungazami ukupakisha kwiingcamango zakho "ezilinganiselwe", ubhekisele kwimithombo yokuqala - bonke ubuncwane bomhlaba wonke. Vumela umntwana ekudala ukuba abone imifanekiso yabaculi abakhulu, beva imisebenzi yabaculi abakhulu, bathandane nemibongo yamatyongwe amakhulu. Ukugxininisa okukhulu kwindlela yoMasaru Ibuki eyenziwa ekufundweni kweelwimi zangaphandle kunye nomculo. U-Ibuka wayekholelwa ukuba ukuziqhelana nomculo kusenza ukuba abantwana bangaphumeleli kuphela kwiminyaka, kodwa nabo bayabafundisa ukuba bagxininise, bavumelane nabo kunye nehlabathi elibangqongileyo. Ngokufunda umculo kwasebuncinaneni, inkunzi kamva izakukwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke ezinye izazi. Ubaluleka obubalulekileyo buqhotyoshelwe ekuphuculweni ngokomzimba komntwana. UMasaru Ibuka wayekholelwa ukuba abantwana abavela ekuzalweni kufuneka bafundiswe ukuba badada, ngokukhawuleza xa bemi kwiinyawo zabo. Ngoko ke kubantwana, ukulungelelaniswa kwezinto ezihambayo kukhula ngokukhawuleza nangokubhetele, umzimba kunye nemisipha yomzimba.

Indlela yeNikolai Zaitsev

Kutheni sifundisa ukufunda nokubala umntwana ongakwaziyo ukuthetha? Ukuze ukuba ngeli xesha lokuthetha owaziyo wayesazi zonke ezi zinto. Amagqabantshintshi amancinci aphakanyiswa yinkqubo yomqeqeshi ongumfundisi waseRussia owaziwayo manje uNikolai Zaitsev. Ubuchule be-Zaitsev busekelwe ekusebenziseni ngeekhabhi kunye neelwimi kunye namatafula edonga. Umntwana ufunda ukwengeza amagama kwiisilawuli, kodwa akakwazi ukuthetha. Kule meko, ii cubes ziyahlukana komnye ngokuzaliswa kwesandi, ukwenzela ukuba inkqubo yokukhumbuza "into engaqondakaliyo" yokugcinwa kwempahla yengane iququzelelwe. Ukuze iisubhu zeet cubes ziqhotyoshelwe iindonga eludongeni, okufuneka ukuba zisebenze imihla ngemihla (bonisa iimvumba zokugcina impahla kunye nokuzwakalisa) kunye nekhasethi okanye idiski efanayo iilwimi ezifakwe ngumbono weengoma zabantwana abadumileyo. Oku kuncedisa ukukhumbula ngokukhawuleza nangokulula. Inkqubo inika umphumo obalaseleyo, kwaye yamkelwe njengendlela yokufundisa ukufunda kwezinye i-kindergartens. IsiNgesi nesiNgesi.

Indlela yeGlen Doman

Le nkqubo yayisungulwe ngokusesikweni kubantwana abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Ngenxa yokuphumelela kwenkqubo, sele isetyenzisiwe kubantwana abaphilileyo. Umlobi wayo, ugqirha-neurophysiologist uGlen Doman, wayekholelwa ukuba ngokushukumisa enye yeengqondo zomntu, umntu unokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yonke. Ngoko, ukubonisa amakhadi akhethekileyo ngosuku (umzekelo, amakhadi ayi-10 ngemizuzwana eyi-10), ugqirha wafumana iziphumo ezimangalisayo - abancinci abalahlwe emva kwenkqubo yophuhliso, ngeminyaka engama-2-3 bebambene neengxaki zabo eziphilileyo. Amakhadi angenziwa ngokwabo (kumgca omhlophe kumagama ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo amagama ahlukeneyo), kodwa kunokwenzeka, kwaye ukuthenga, kulubuhlungu ngokukrakra oku kuyenziwa - ukuba uyenze ngokwakho. Amakhadi aboniswa ngamabhloko athile (umzekelo, iintaka okanye izinto zangaphakathi). Abanye bahamba kunye nemifanekiso.

UCecil Lupan

Emva kokuba azame kwiintombi zakhe ubuchule bukaGlen Doman, umdlali nomama uCecil Lupan wanquma ukuyivuselela into encinci. Ngoko inkqubo yakhe yokufunda yokuqala yazalwa. UCecil Lupan wakholelwa ukuba iinyanga ezi-12 zomntwana zibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni kwakhe, ngeli xesha, ukuzithemba ekuthandweni kwehlabathi kwakha, zonke iimvakalelo ezinhlanu ziphuhliswa, umsebenzi womqhubi womntwana. Kufuneka kusetyenziswe yonke iminithi ukuze kuzuze ukuphuhlisa imvumba. Ngokuqhelekileyo ugqoke kwizandla zakho (oku kuvuselela iinzame eziphathekayo), ncokola ngakumbi kunye nayo, thanda iingoma, xelela imibongo, uthathe amathoyizi avela kwizinto ezahlukeneyo (ukhulisa izakhono zamancinci ezincinane). Njengempahla yokufundisa uLupan wasebenzisa ii-encyclopedias ezenziwe ngokwabo. Ezi nkcukacha ze-encyclopedias zingathengwa namhlanje, kodwa unokuzenza ngokwakho. Ngoko ke, uqokelela iifowuni ukusuka kumaphephancwadi ahlukeneyo, iincwadi ezindala, imifanekiso evela kwi-intanethi, enikezelwe kwisihloko esisodwa (umzekelo, iintaka okanye izithuthi). Thatha i-albhamu yokudweba, unamathisele umfanekiso omnye kwikhasi ngalinye, kwaye phantsi kwayo bhala igama kwiibhloko ezinkulu zebhloko. Imfuno yemifanekiso ifana nale ndlela: kufuneka ibe yinyani kwaye iyicacise ngangokunokwenzeka, kuyinqweneleka ukuba akukho zinkcukacha ezingadingekile kwisithombe, ukuze kungabikho ukudideka kumntwana.

Indlela kaMaria Montessori

Oku mhlawumbi yindlela eyaziwayo kakhulu phakathi kootitshala bee-kindergartens kunye namaziko okuphuhlisa okuqala. Izinto eziphathekayo kule nkqubo yoqeqesho zinokufumaneka lula phantse nasiphi na isitokethi sokudlala. Zizo zonke iindidi zeefayili kunye neentambo. Ukongezelela, umlinganiselo omkhulu wothando phakathi kwabantu abadala kunye nabantwana (nangona ikhulile) isetyenziswe yimidlalo eyahlukeneyo yokuphuhliswa kwezakhono ezifanelekileyo zezithuthi (ukukhetha nokukhetha ubungakanani obuhlukeneyo beembotyi kunye neesinkwa, umzekelo). UMaria Montessori wayekholelwa ukuba abadala kufuneka bakhuthaze ngokunyanisekileyo umntwana ukuba athathe inyathelo elizimeleyo. Akusiyo into yokuba incwadi ebalulekileyo kunabo babhaliweyo kuthiwa "Nceda ndenze ngokwalo." Ungayisebenzisa njani le nkqubo ekufundiseni abantwana ukuya kunyaka? Khuthaza nayiphi na imizamo yomntwana ukuba afunde into ethile, funda, khetha amathoyizi kumntwana kwizinto ezihlukeneyo, ukunika ithuba lokuthintela Ukuqinisekisa, umzekelo, indlela indwangu yokwakheka ngayo i-silk neyaluhlaza ngayo, xa umntwana efunda ukuhlala ngokuzithemba aze aqale ukudlala ngeepramamidi kunye neekerubhi (ukususela kwiinyanga ezi-7-8), mnike iikomityi zeplastiki ubungakanani, makabe bazame ukuzibeka kwelinye kwelinye, bexeshanye ngokuqonda iingcamango "ezingaphezulu." Ukunika amaqabunga ithuba lokuqonda umahluko phakathi, umzekelo, iimbotyi kunye neeperesi, ungashiyi umphandi omncinci wedwa kunye nobuncwane bakho - unokuziginya okanye uzifake kwi-spout.

Inkqubo kaMaria Gmoshinskaya

Le ndlela ayilungiselelwanga kakhulu ukufundisa umntwana indlela yokudweba, ubuninzi bokuphuhliswa kwengane. Ukusebenza ngokubambisana, umntwana ushukumisa ukuphela kwezibilini kwiminwe, echaphazela nokuphuhliswa kwengqondo ngokubanzi. Unokuqala ukudweba kwiinyanga ezi-6, xa inkunzi ifunda ukuhlala ngokuzithemba. Thatha iphepha elikhulu lika-Whatman, uhlale kumntwana uze umbonise indlela ongayidla ngayo. Ngokunjalo - ukudibanisa iminwe yakho, kunye nayo yonke ipeni kwipende uze uqhube kunye nephepha. Unokukrazula ngezandla zombini ezisekhohlo kunye nesokunene. Ngokuqhelekileyo, zama ukukhawulela umntwana kwiingcamango zakhe malunga "nomdwebo ochanekileyo", kholani kum, ngezinga lokungagxininisi kunye nobuchule bokucinga, abantwana baya kunika intloko kuqala kunoma yimuphi umntu omdala, ngendlela, ungeke udwebe kuphela ngezandla zakho, kodwa ngeemilenze nezinye iindawo zomzimba wakho. inetyhefu, i-hypoallergenic, ifanelekile kwiintsana (zithengiswa kwiimidlalo zamathoyizi kunye nezinto zokugcina izinto.) Yilungiselele ukuba umntwana akayi kuphelisa kuphela, kodwa "upende" yonke into.

Unyaka wokufumanisa

Unyaka wokuqala wobomi bomntwana lixesha elimangalisayo lokuphuhlisa imvumba. Ayikho kwakhona ebomini inkunzi ayiyi kuba nexesha lokukhula okukhawulezayo. Ikhula ngokunyuka kunye nemida kwiindlela eziliqela ngexesha elifanelekileyo: ngokwengqondo, ngokomzwelo, ngokwenyama. Oku kwaziwa kakhulu kubahlengikazi kunye nootitshala. Ngoko ke, sincoma ukuba singaphuthelwa usuku olunye. Sebenzisa ezi nyanga ezili-12 ukunceda umntwana ukuba ahlangabezane noxinzelelo lokuzalwa, kwaye ufunde ezininzi ezintsha, ezimangalisayo. Yaye khumbula ukuba isifundo esibaluleke kakhulu kwiimvumba ngoku kukufunda ukuba uyayithanda.