Kuzo zonke i-solvents eyaziwayo kwihlabathi, amanzi awona maninzi. Emanzini, yonke into iyachithwa, kwaye umntu akafani. Ukusuka kwinqanaba lezesayensi, wonke umntu omyinge omdala ngokuqhelekileyo uqulethe u-40% kuphela "weengxube ezomileyo" kunye nayo yonke into ... amanzi. Kukholelwa ukuba ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa ketshezi ungahlala malunga neveki enye. Umoya kunye nobuthongo bodwa kuphela kumzimba wethu. Izinto ezininzi eziyimfuneko kwimpilo, ngokukodwa amaminerali kunye nezinto ezilandeleleneyo, zixhamle kwi-tractinalinal tract kuphela njengezisombululo ezinomsoco. Inxaxheba yamanzi, kokubili ekugcinweni kwempilo, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwempilo ebuthakathaka. Umbuzo uvela - luhlobo luni lwamanzi luncedo kumzimba womntu, kwaye awunjalo. Oku siza kuzama ukufumanisa kweli nqaku.
Ngaba unako ukusela imvula?
Kwimvelo, "amanzi ahlanzekileyo", oko kukuthi, H 2 O kwaye akukho nto enye, yimvula yamanzi kuphela. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, lalisetyenziselwa ukusela kuphela njengesicatshulwa sokugqibela, oko kukuthi, xa kunethuba langempela lokufa ngenxa yokoma. Ngokucacileyo, le nyaniso engatshintshiyo yiphumo lophando ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuqhubela ikhonkco eqhubekayo. Ubulumko bendoda bule ndlela luthi: Imvula ilungele izityalo kunye nokuhlamba iimpahla, kunye nokusela - akukho.
Nangona kukho ezinye iimbono. Ngokomzekelo, owaziwayo u-Abu Ali Ibn Sina, okanye u-Avicenna nje, wayekholelwa ukuba "amanzi emvula angowamanzi ahlekileyo, ngokukodwa okuwa ehlobo ephuma kwiindudumo zengqungquthela," kungekhona "emafini aqhutyelwa yimimoya epholileyo" / 1 /. Ngaphandle kwendawo ephakathi ecocekileyo ye-Middle Ages, indoda eyilumko yacebisa amanzi abilayo, eqokelelwe xa kunesidingo emva kwemvula, ukuze igweme "ukuthotywa kwayo". Ithuba elikhulu lokucima unxani lomntu ngenzuzo yombutho ngumgudu omkhulu wase-Central Asia oqwalasela imithombo yamanzi apho amanzi aphuma ngaphandle, athatyathwa "ngamandla ayenayo ngokwawo." Amanzi emithombo yamanzi kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ayebhekwa njengowona mbi kunomthombo wasentwasahlobo, kwaye "eyayihamba ngepayipi kwimibhobho yokukhokela" yayingenamsebenzi.
Ekukhanyeni kwenzululwazi yesimanje, injongo yalo kukuphanda nokuqinisekisa, yintoni eyaziwa kudala, kulula ukuqonda ukuba kutheni amanzi asezulwini ayiluncedo kumzimba womntu. Okokuqala, amanzi, aphuma ephahleni loMhlaba, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lihlambuluke kakhulu ngothutho kunye noshishino. Ukuhlanzeka kolwandle lwesihlanu kushiya kakhulu into enqwenelekayo. Kule mihlaba amaninzi ngoku ihlale imile. Ngaloo ndlela, esikhundleni sokususwa ngexesha lokunyuka esibhakabhakeni, amanzi asemvula athola ukungcola okungalindelekanga. Iqulethe i-arsenic, iphambili, i-mercury, i-sulfur kunye ne-nitrate. Imvula kunye ne-ammonia, i-disulphide ye-carbon, i-pesticides kunye ne-pesticides ziwela kwimimandla yezolimo, kwaye imvula ye-asidi iza phezu kwezityalo kunye neefriji / 2 /.
Okwesibini, i-distillation yemvelo iyanciphisa amanzi emvula anenzuzo kumanyanzelo omzimba womzimba. Amanzi asezulwini ahluke ngokugqithisileyo kwizinto ezisemhlabeni, ngoko ke nangemva kokuhlanjululwa akunakwenzeka ukusela oko ixesha elide - i-metabolism iphazamisekile. Umzimba wandisa ngokunyanisekileyo ukugxininisa kwigazi le-ion ilahlekile, i-potassium kunye ne-sodium, kwaye ngokukhawuleza uyabasusa ngeentso kunye nomchamo. Ukongezelela, imvula, i-distilled or dealinated water is unfortas in taste and quenches the thirst / 3 /.
Yintoni emanzini kumbhobho?
Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zezixeko zanamanzi kumanzi okusela, imithombo evulekile isetyenziswa rhoqo. Le milambo namachibi. Emva kokucocwa kwesigaba-nge-stage (coagulation, precipitation, filtration kwaye ekugqibeleni i-chlorination), amanzi angena kwi-water supply, kwaye ukusuka apho kuya kwindlu yonke. Ngako oko, umgangatho wamanzi kwi-crane ixhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi:
- I-ecology yemilambo kunye namachibi asebenza njengokuqala kwamanzi;
- Isimo sezobuchwepheshe kunye nocwangco lwezikhululo zamanzi;
- Iipropati zamanzi.
Ewe, ngoku malunga neengongoma. Siye safumanisa ukuba ukusela imvula kungonakalisa impilo. Ngokuphathelele umlambo wamanzi, mhlawumbi akayi kuza kumntu womntu. Enyanisweni, kwanokucinga ukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngenxa yentlekele yehlabathi, imeko yendalo yeendawo ezivulekileyo iye yaphucula ngandlela-thile, ayinakuchaphazela umgangatho wamanzi epompo.
Isimo socwangco sokunikezelwa kwamanzi sisaphila kunye namagunya anegunya. Enye into yokucoca iteknoloji ngokwayo, ebeninzi banokucinga ukuba ixesha elide lingapheli kwaye lidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iiparitha zayo, amanzi ompompo ngokupheleleyo ahambelana nemimiselo yezempilo. Ngomnye umxholo we-chlorine ngezinye izikhathi udlulileyo.
Akukho mntu othanda amanzi kunye ne-chlorine ethile enevumba kunye nesinambitha. Kodwa ngenxa yobungqina bengozi yokukhutshwa kwe-chlorination, bahlala belibala malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-chlorine yokungatshatyalaliswa kwamanzi kampompo, ukususela ngo-1904 inani lezonyango zamathumbu liye lahla ngokukhawuleza, i-k'holera kunye neengxaki ze-typhus ziye zaba yinto edlulileyo. Kwaye nangona kukho uphando olwalunokuqala kuma-70-80. Inkulungwane yokugqibela, eyabonakalisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kweklorini ekwenzeni ukungcola kwama-carcinogen (chloroform), amanzi okupompo aqhubeka echlorate.
Inyani kukuba ukuxinwa kwezinto ezinobungozi emanzini akufikeleleki kumgangatho obalulekileyo kwaye kufaniswa nento esiphefumulayo okanye esiyidlayo. Ngako oko, uMtyholi akayikrele kakhulu njengoko evezwe. Ukongeza, zombini i-chlorine kunye ne-chloroform ziyaxhamla emanzini ngokubilisa (4). Kodwa kukho i-aftertaste engathandekiyo, eyenza abantu basekhaya bahlambele itiye "yasezidolophini" kwindawo yangasese emva kokuphala.
Ukuphucula izakhiwo ze-organoleptic zamanzi achlorisiweyo kwiminyaka yamuva, zonke iintlobo zezihlunu zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi. Uninzi lwazo luqulethe i-carbon esebenziweyo njengento ebalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwezifundo zeKhomishoni yokuKhuselwa kweNdalo yase-United States, i-chlorine, eyenza i-chloroform kunye nemvelo yemvelo yamanzi, kunye namaqhezu e-charcoal esebenzayo esuka kwililisi yokucoca ivelisa ubuthi obubi kakhulu-i-dioxin. Ukuvavanya ingozi yalo, kunele ukujonga nje ubuso bukaMongameli wangaphambili waseUkraine uViktor Yushchenko.
Enye ingongoma ibhotile yamanzi. Kwakhona, sibonga i-chlorine, itompompoza amanzi igcina ukhuseleko lwayo, nangona lihamba ngepayipi yensimbi. Kodwa amanzi ekutshintshiseni iibhotile ezininzi kunye ne "isitshalo seqanda", kunye nokuthunyelwa kwiingqungquthela zeemoto - hayi.
Sithengisa ngaluphi uhlobo lwamanzi?
Ngokweminye iminatha, kwisitya sokuqala seplastiki, okokuqala amanzi ahlanzekileyo ase-artesian, kunye nokugcinwa okungafanelekanga kunye nokusebenza kwamathangi, uqala ... "ukuqhakaza". Ngokuqinisekileyo, abaninzi baye baqaphela ukuba ngaphaya kwexesha, ukukhanya okonakele kubonakala kwindawo yangaphakathi yebhotile. Ezi zi-algae ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye i-cyanobacteria ezenza i-toxin ye-BMAA ikhuphe, kwaye yona ibangela izifo ezinzima ze-neurological (i-Alzheimer's, i-Parkinson kunye ne-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
Izigqibo:
- Kungcono ukusela kwintwasahlobo kwindawo ecocekileyo yendalo, ingakumbi ukuba umthombo wayo awunamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, oko kukuthi, amanzi emvula kunye ne-interlasti "yamandulo";
- Amanzi okupompoza aphephile, kodwa ukusela kuyinto enhle. Ukucoca nge-carbon filters esikhundleni sezinto ezintle kunokuba yingozi. Ukuba amanzi acocekileyo abilisa i-chlorine esele ngokubambisana nekhabhoni inika utyhefu obunamandla kakhulu;
- Thenga amanzi ukusuka kwiimoto okanye ugcine iminyaka kwi-eggplant efanayo, ngenxa yengozi yokungcolisa iimveliso zobomi be-blue algae.
Ukubhala:
- Ngomgangatho wamanzi (amanzi emvula). "I-Canon yenzululwazi yonyango", uAbraham Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- Amanzi emvula. I-Journal of Health, 1989, No. 6
- OV Mosin. Impembelelo yamanzi adibeneyo emzimbeni.
- I-klorine emanzini imnandi okanye imbi? Umbhalo weNzululwazi noBomi, uNombolo 1, 1999.