Umhlaba
Umhlaba udlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yezityalo. Ngombulelo kwi microflora yomhlaba kunye ne-organic and mineral fertilizers engena kuyo, iyaqhubeka ishintsha. Isakhiwo salo sitshintsha, ukukwazi ukugcina umswakama. Umhlaba akufanele uthathelwe ingqalelo njengento engabonakaliyo, kodwa njengomzimba ophilayo. Iipropati zomhlaba zixhomekeke kwi-subsoil apho yenziwe khona, kwiibhaktheriya, i-fungi kunye nezilwanyana ezifaka isandla ekuqhekekeni kwento ebangelwe kuyo, ukusuka kwizityalo kulo, nakwiimeko zemozulu.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zegadi kunye nekhaya zenza iimfuno ezicacileyo kwiipropati kunye neempawu zomhlaba. Ezinye iintyatyambo zikhula kwaye zikhula kakuhle kwimithombo engabonakali kakuhle. Kwaye abanye, baninzi, babeka iimfuno ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ukulima kweentyantyambo, inhlabathi enzima kakhulu, apho, emva kwemvula okanye ukuthambisa, amanzi aphuze ixesha elide, ayifanelekanga ngaphandle kokuphucula kuqala. Kwaye kunobumba obubandayo, obunxweme kunye nehlabathi, apho isanti kunye namatye anqoba.
IBhunga lokunyamekela iintyatyambo: Qinisekisa ukuba ukhulule umhlaba rhoqo. Ukukhulula umhlaba kunceda ukugcina umswakama kuwo. Ukuphucula, i-physico-chemical properties change, i-air-air air regime iyathuthukisa kwaye umxholo we-microorganisms ukwanda kaninzi. Ukukhupha okuchaphazelayo kuchaphazela amanzi, umoya kunye nolawulo lwe-thermal. Ukulima kwenhlabathi kuncedisa ekulawuleni umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-microorganisms, eziyimfuneko ekuguquleni izondlo kwizinto ezinjengezityalo.
Umquba
Amaminerali kunye nezichumisi eziququzelelweyo, eziqukethe enye okanye izondlo ezingaphezulu kwiinkxalabo eziphezulu, kwenza kube lula ukuphucula umhlaba ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye, ngenxa yoko, igalelo ekukhuleni kwemibala yasekhaya. Ngokwenene, izichumisi zamaminerali zilula, zixutywe, ziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zigxilwe. Enye yeenzuzo zezichumisi zamaminerali kukuba kukulungele ukuzithutha kwaye kulula ukuyifaka emhlabathini kunezinto eziphilayo.
Izichumisi ze-nitric zisebenzisa i-ammonium nitrate, i-ammonium sulfate kunye ne-urea. I-ammonium nitrate iqukethe i-nitrogen engama-33-34%, ngoko ibhekisela kwizichumiso ezixilisiweyo. Ukufakwa emhlabathini, kutshabalalisa ngokulula kwaye kusebenze ngokukhawuleza. Cishe ayitshintshi indlela yokusabela ngayo umhlaba, ngoko ke isetyenziselwa ukuchumisa zombini ne-alkaline kunye nomhlaba ongathathi hlangothi kunye nenhlabathi engenamandla. I-ammonium sulphate iphele kakuhle emanzini. Iqukethe malunga ne-20% ye-nitrogen. Ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-ammonium sulphate, ngokukodwa kwintsi elula, kubangela ukuba bajonge. Ngoko ke, ukuba uqaphela ukuba u-acidity yomhlaba uyakhuphuka, isidlo se-lime okanye sesonka kufuneka songezwe kuso. Okanye uququze ngokudibanisa namanye amacilisi amaminerali anokunciphisa iziphumo eziyingozi ze-ammonium sulfate. Ukongezwa kwe-ammonium sulphate kunye nomquba kubangela ukuba umhlaba ungabikho. Urea (i-carbamide) yona manzi ayenzileyo engumanyolo. Iqukethe 46% ye-nitrogen.
Phosphate fertilizer . Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa uhlakulela imibala yasekhaya, i-powdery ne-granulated superphosphate zisetyenziswa. I-superphosphate enefowuni isichumisi esisebenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihluke ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo we-phosphorus. I-superphosphate ye-granular iqukethe i-phosphorus engama-20-22% kwaye inezixhobo eziphathekayo kangcono kunephosphorus. Ngoko ke, xa ukondla iinduli zeentyantyambo kufuneka zinikezelwe. Umgubo we-Bone uqukethe i-29-34% ye-phosphorus, i-1.2-1.7% ye-nitrogen kunye no-45% we-calcium (i-calestum). Isetshenziselwa ukuthambisa umhlabathi onobumba. Kungekudala, sele isetyenziswe kangako. I-potassium i-chloride, i-potassium sulfate kunye ne-ash ash yemifuno yizona zibalulekileyo ze- potassium ezikhulayo zokukhula kweentyantyambo. I-potassium chloride iqukethe i-54-62.5% ye potassium. Ezinye iintlobo zeentyantyambo azikhuthazeli i-potassium chloride, ekubeni ziye zandisa ukwanda kwee-chlorine kwihlabathi. I-potassium sulphate iqukethe i-potassium engama-45 no-52%. Umlotha ohlaza uqulethe i-potassium ehlukeneyo, eyahluka phakathi kwe-20 ne-30% kuxhomekeka kwizityalo ezivela kuyo. Umxholo we potassium kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokutshisa izityalo: ngcono ukutshisa, ukuphakamisa umxholo we potassium. Ukongezelela, kuxhomekeke kwindlela u-ash egcinwa ngayo. Umlotha olele kwimvula uhluphekile kwi potassium.
Izichumisi ze-Organic zilungelelaniswa nezityalo. Kodwa ingaba ne-lack of certain trace elements. Ngoko ke, iziqu ezichumayo zihlala zixhaswa ngamachumbo e-mineral fertilizers. Iziqu zomquba ziquka umquba, umquba, i-peat kunye namalungiselelo asekelwe kuwo. Enye ingamanzi ingasetyenziswa: amaqabunga abolile, inaliti, i-sapropel, njl.
Yintoni isichumisi? I-microelements eziqulethwe kumachumisi ziyimfuneko kakhulu ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo. Kanye kunye nezondlo ezisisiseko (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium), iintyatyambo zasekhaya zidinga ezinye izondlo ezininzi. Njenge: boron, ibhrom, i-chlorine, i-aluminium, isinyithi, iodine, i-silicon, i-magnesium, ithusi, i-molybdenum, i-sodium, isulfure, i-zinc. Ziyimfuneko kwizinto ezincinci ezinokuthi zihlawulise ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi.
IBhunga lokunyamekela kweentyantyambo: Ngexesha elifanayo ukuzisa izichumisi ezahlukeneyo, kufuneka ukwazi imithetho yokuxuba. Ukuba ukuxuba kungalunganga, ifumaneka umphumo ombi, kuba i-compounds insoluble ibonakala, eyanciphisa umphumo wezinto ezithile. Umzekelo, akukhuthazwa ukuxuba i-superphosphate ne-calcium nitrate. Indlela elula yokusebenzisa isichumisi esilungele kakuhle kwiphakethi enhle, eyenzelwe iintlobo ezithile zeentyatyambo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuvuya kakhulu, ngakumbi xa ukhula ininzi yeentyatyambo. Ukongezelela, kuninzi kuxhomekeke kubuqhetseba bomhlaba, ukubunjwa kwawo kunye nokuvumelana.
Ukulungiselela umxube wehlabathi ukutyala iintyatyambo zasekhaya
Into yokuqala okufuneka uyazi xa ukukhupha iintyatyambo zepotythi yinkqubo yeengcambu zezityalo ikhula kumthamo omncinci womhlaba. Ngoko ke, umhlaba kufuneka ube nobutyebi kwizondlo kunye neebhaktheriya. Ukongezelela, kufuneka kwakhona ukwazi ukuba imbali yeentyantyambo zihlala zibeka imfuno ephezulu emhlabathini kuneentyatyambo ezakhulayo kwindawo evulekile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba iintyatyambo zangaphakathi kunye nezityalo eziluhlaza zikhulile kwiipot okanye kwiidrack, ukuxuba umyezo womhlaba ulungiselelwe ukuqwalasela iimpawu kunye neemfuneko zeentlobo ezithile zembala yasekhaya. Kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele ezi zilandelayo zilandelayo ziintlobo ezibalulekileyo zomhlaba wegadi kunye neengcambu zomntu ngamnye: umhlaba we-sod, umhlaba weqabunga, umhlaba we-peat, umhlaba we-greenhouse (humus) umhlaba, umhlaba ongaphandle komhlaba, umhlaba wegadi, umhlaba weenkuni, i-pine bark, i-perlite, isanti yomlambo, i-moss, i-chars nabanye.
Umhlaba we-sod ubaluleke kakhulu njengenxalenye ethatha inxaxheba malunga neentlobo zomxube wehlabathi. Ngenxa yesininzi semithombo eseleyo kuyo, i-porous and rich in nutrients, kodwa iyalungelelaniswa nokuxubusha. Umhlaba ongcolileyo ulula, ukhululekile kwaye ucebile kakhulu kwizondlo. Ifunyenwe ngenxa yeepereprevaniya amaqabunga awele phantsi kwemithi ye-coniferous kunye nemigqomo. Iyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-floriculture, ingakumbi ekukhuleni izityalo ezingenako ukunyamezela umgquba. Umhlaba ongahlambulukanga kumxube we-turf yomhlaba ulungele ukwanda kweentyatyambo ezinobumba. Kwakhona kufanelekile ukuhlwayela imbewu ethile, njengembewu ye-begonia, i-gloxinia. Ngomxube nomhlaba we-peat kunye nesihlabathi, uyatshintsha ngokupheleleyo umhlaba ocacileyo. Umhlaba ococekileyo, uthathwe kwihlathi le-coniferous, une-acidi reaction, ngoko isetyenziswa ekuhlaleni i-azalea, abanturium. I-Litter ukusuka kumagqabi e-poplar, i-Willow, i-oki kunye neminye imithi iphezulu yezinga eliphezulu, ngoko akufanele isetyenziswe. I-Peatland ilula, ikhululekile kwaye idla ngokunyusa. Ifunyenwe ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwe-peg kwaye isetshenziselwa ukuphucula iimpawu zezinye iintlobo zomhlaba. Isondlo sayo sesondlo asikho phezulu. Ukuqaliswa kwe-peat emhlabathini kwandisa u-acidity.
Umhlaba we-Greenhouse ngumxube we-manure owenziwe ngokupheleleyo, osetyenziselwa ukutshisa iindawo zokugcina izityalo, waza wathululela kuwo umhlaba apho imbewu ikhule khona. Umhlaba we-Greenhouse ubanjwe yimfumba, njengomquba, kwaye emva kwexesha elifutshane lilungele ukusetshenziswa. Iphucula izakhiwo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zomxube wehlabathi, ingasetyenziselwa ukuququzela umhlaba ovulekile. Umhlaba we-Heather ulula kwaye ukhululekile, ucebile kwizondlo. Ifunyenwe ngenxa yokubola kwezinye izityalo zentsapho yaseVerekov. Ekubeni kunzima ukuyifumana, kuyabiza kakhulu. Ingatshintshwa ngokupheleleyo ngumxube wengxenye ezine ze-peat, iindawo ezimbini zomhlaba wamagqabi kunye nenxalenye yentlabathi. Umhlaba we-Orchard uthathwa kwiindawo apho izityalo zegadi zinyuka, eziye zacetyiswa ngamaxesha kunye nezichumisi zendalo. Kuvunwa ekwindla emva kokuvuna, kwaye kusetyenziswe uhla lwe-arable kuphela. Umhlaba onomhlaba ufumaneka kwiimithi ezibolile, izibonda, amaqhina, iingubo zeenkuni kunye nothuli olusuka kumlotha omdala. Kwiipropati zayo, kusondele kwipheshana, kodwa lisetyenziswe kangangoko, njengoko lidala ukwanda kwe-asidi. Kuyafaneleka ukukhuphula ii-orchids, iifern kunye nabameli beentsapho zeBromelgea. Kungekudala, iivenkile zithengisa umhlaba, "zenziwe" ngeefolmali zaseCalifornia .
IBhunga lokunyamekela iintyatyambo: yongeza emhlabathini ngaphambi kokutyala amalahle. Isixa esincinci selahle esithinyiweyo sithatha umswakama ongaphezulu komhlaba. Kwaye ke, ngokunqongophala kobuninzi, bubuyisa kwakhona, ngaloo ndlela lukhusela umhlaba ukuba ungaboni.
Kuzo zonke iintlobo zoluhlu lwehlabathi lomyezo kunye ne-substrates kwifomu ecocekileyo kuphela iqela, i-heather kunye ne-peat zisetyenziselwa ukuhlwayela imbewu encinci (i-begonia, i-gloxinia). Kwakhona isanti kunye ne-perlite - yokuqhawula iinqununu zemibala ethile yemibala yendlu. Ukuba uthembela umenzi, unokuthenga iimxube zomhlaba ezilungiselelwe. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nenani elikhulu leentyantyambo ezikhulile, ukuthenga akubizi. Ukongezelela, abanye abavelisi abahambelani nomyinge wezochumiso zamaminerali, ezichaphazela kakubi ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwemibala yasekhaya. Kwaye umxube webumba olungiselelwe ngezandla, ungatsholwa!
Ungatshintsha njani iinduli zakho zasekhaya
Izityalo zitshintshwa njengolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ngokwezidingo zeentlobo, lungiselela umxube ofunekayo kwiintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomhlaba wase-garden, omanziwe kangangokuba uphazamiseka xa uxinzezelwe esandleni. Ukuqinisekisa ulungelelaniso olufanelekileyo kwimibhobho, sebenzisa i-shards kunye nesihlabathi esiqhekezayo. Kwiimpahla apho kufuneka zitshintshwe khona, umjelo owenziwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwiphobho yokuhambisa amanzi emzantsi webhodi i-crock ifakwe kwinqanaba le-convex ukuya phezulu kwaye kule nqanaba isanti eselungileyo eselungisiwe.
Ukufakelwa okungazalwanga ngenduku eqondileyo, ngokukhululeka ukuyikhulula kunye nokususa umgangatho womhlaba, kwaye umhlaba ujikeleze iingcambu zincinci kwaye zitshitshiswe ngumbumba webhodlela. Umsele wamandulo uhlambulukile. Ukuba kukho iingcambu eziphosiweyo kwiintyatyambo, ngoko ziyakunqumla ukuba ziphile izicubu. Kwi-drainage elungiselelwe ebhodweni, uthele i-bump yomhlaba onomsoco, uze uyitshale phakathi kwesitya ukwenzela ukuba i-collar yengcambu ibe yi-1 cm ngaphantsi komphetho. Ukuba intamo ingaphezu komda ophezulu wenqanawa, ke isityalo siyasuswa kwaye inxalenye yomhlaba othuliweyo isuswe. Ukuba liphantsi kakhulu, yongeza enye umhlaba. Isikhala phakathi kwe-clod kunye nodonga lwebhodlo lizaliswe ngumhlaba onomsoco, kwaye zihlandlo eziliqela zixinzelelwe ngeminwe yezandla zombini kunye nomlinganiselo omtsha womhlaba wongezwa. Ukuba isityalo sidluliselwa kwisitya esikhulu, ngoko umhlaba ubanjwe ngesikhonkwane esicacisiweyo. Iinqwelo ezinezityalo ezifakelwayo zingagcwaliswa ngomhlaba ukuya phezulu, ukwenzela ukuba uzonwa. Izityalo ezitshalisiweyo zityiliswa ngokubanzi kwaye zigcinwe emakhayeni atshisayo, amancinci amancinci emoyeni omanzi, apho bahlala ngexesha lokuqwengula, xa becetyiswa ukuba baphucuzwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamanzi.
Xa kukhula iintlobo ezithile zezityalo, ukutshintshwa kwezinto kusetyenziswa. Ukutshintshiselwa yindlela ekufutshane nokutsalwa, okufuneka kusetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi ngexesha elilodwa lokukhula ngokumalunga nezityalo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza, ukuze zibe namandla, ziphuculwe kakuhle. Ukwahlukana phakathi kokutshintshwa kwezinto kunye nokuguqulwa kwamatyala kukuba ukuba ngexesha lokutshintshela indawo enkulu okanye encinci yomhlaba, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inxalenye yeengcambu, kufuneka isuswe, ngoko ngexesha lokutshintshwa komhlaba i-clod neengcambu zihlala zingaphazamiseki kwaye zitshintshelwe ngokupheleleyo kwisixhobo esitsha. Inkqubo yokuguqulwa kweentyatyambo iyafana neyobugcisa bokutshintshwa kwezityalo. Emva kokutshintshwa kwezinto, izityalo zigcinwa kwiimeko ezifanayo njengaphambili, kwaye kuphela ngelanga elinamandla kakhulu zi-pritenyayut
IBhunga lokunyamekela kweentyantyambo: Ngokuguqulwa, kwinqanaba elithile, kunokwenzeka ukulawula ixesha leentyantyambo zezityalo. Ngombolo enkulu yokutshintshiselwa, ukugqithisa kwembali kuyahla, kwaye kwinto encinci - ikhawuleza. Ukwandiswa kwenani lokuthengiswa kwikhokelela ekuveliseni izityalo ezinamandla kunye ezinamandla.
Siyabulela iingcebiso ezisisiseko zokunyamekela imibala yasekhaya, unokukhula uvelise izityalo ezintle kwaye zivumba. Ukuba iintyatyambo zihlwayelwe ngokungalunganga, ngoko ke ekunyamekelweni okungekho kubakho ukuqonda!