Izifo ze-parasitic zamathambo esifuba

Kukho inani lezifo ezichaphazela amathambo, obangela ubuthathaka kunye nentlungu. Ziyakwazi ukufunyaniswa ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zeemvavanyo zegazi ezikhethekileyo, apho izinga lezinto ezifana ne-calcium lichongiwe. Kwinqaku elithi "Izifo eziphambene nezifo zamathambo omzimba" uya kufumana ulwazi oluncedo kakhulu kuwe.

Ithambo elivuthiweyo linamacandelo amabini aphezulu: i-osteoid (matrix organic) kunye ne-hydroxyapatite (i-substance inorganic substance). I-osteoid iqukethe iprotheni ye-collagen. I-Hydroxyapatite - into eyinkimbinkimbi, equka i-calcium, i-phosphate (i-acid acidic phosphoric acid) kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl (OH). Ukongeza, iqukethe i-magnesium. Ngendlela yokwenza amathambo, i-hydroxyapatite crystals ifakwe kwi-matrix ye-osteoid. Ingxenyana yangaphandle yethambo iqukethe amathambo amathambo amancinci; isakhiwo sangaphakathi simelwa ngethambo ezininzi ezikhukhulayo kwaye ziqulethe iiseli ezininzi ezizaliswe ngamathambo omzimba obomvu obandakanyekayo ekuveliseni iiseli zegazi.

Ukugcina ithambo

Akukho thambo le-spongy bone. Nangona emva kokugqitywa kokukhula, zigcina umsebenzi wokuxilisa kwaye zihlala zilungiswa kwakhona. Le nkqubo idibeneyo, apho iindawo zethambo zichithwa kwaye zithatha indawo ngeethambo ezintsha, kuyimfuneko ukugcina impilo yeethambo. Ukwakhiwa kweethambo zethambo zilawulwa yiiseli ezikhethekileyo - i-osteoblasts. Baququzelela i-osteoid kwaye banikeze ukwakheka kwe-hydroxyapatite. Ukulungiswa kweethambo zesithambo, iiseli ezibizwa ngokuthi i-osteoclasts zinoxanduva.

Izifo zeThambo

Ithambo liyakwazi ukulimala ngeenkqubo ezininzi zezilwanyana. Ingakwazi ukuphulwa ngokusemthethweni (i-fracture), ngokuqhelekileyo iba yindawo yokuhlaliswa kwezicubu zesibini (ikakhulukazi emdlalweni webele, umphunga kunye neprotate), i-bone metabolism inokuphazamiseka. Kukho izifo ezininzi zethambo. I-osteoporosis yimeko apho ilahleko le-osteoid kunye ne-mineral component yamathambo kwenzeka. Le nkqubo inokuthi ivele ngokuguga, kodwa ukusilela kwe-estrogen kwabasetyhini ekukhuleni komzimba kubonakala ngokukhawuleza. Isizathu esibalulekileyo sokuphuhliswa kwe-osteoporosis kukungalingani phakathi kwezinga lokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokwakhiwa kweethambo zethambo. Isiphumo esona sisisiseko sokubuthathaka kwezicubu zethambo, ukuxhomekeka kwiintlobo (ikakhulukazi izibilini, izigqoko kunye namaziko omzimba), oku kudla ngokubangelwa nakwenzakalo.

Osteomalacia

Xa i-osteomalacia, i-mineralization yamathambo iphazamiseka, ngenxa yoko iyancwitshisa kwaye iyakwazi ukubola, kubangele ubuhlungu obukhulu okanye i-fractures. I-Osteomalacia ivame ukudibaniswa nokungabikho kwe-vitamin D okanye ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sayo segazi, okukhokelela ekunqongopheni kwe-calcium ukwenza amathambo. Iphathwa ngokutyunjwa kwe-vitamin D kunye nokulungiswa kwe-calcium.

Isifo sePaget

Esi sifo sesithambo sithinta kakhulu abantu abadala. Isizathu asikucaci, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuba kwesi sifo, umsebenzi we-osteoclasts ukwanda, okukhokelela ekunyuseni kwe-bone resorption. Oku, kukhuthaza, ukubunjwa kwamathambo amasha amatsha, okwangona kunjalo, angaphantsi kwaye ancinci kunamathambo aqhelekileyo. Ubunzima besifo sePaget ngenxa yokusasazwa kwexesha le-periosteum, i-membrane efihla ubuso obungaphandle kwamathambo, ininzi kakhulu ingenakunyulwa yi-receptors yeentlungu. Ama-analgesics asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa intlungu, kwaye isifo ngokwawo singaphathwa nge-bisphosphonates, esicothayo i-resorption yamathambo.

I-renal osteodystrophy

Kuyabonakala kwizigulane ezinokukhubazeka okungapheliyo. Iyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwesi sifo kukuphazamiseka kwe-vithamine D metabolism. Ngexesha leenkqubo eziqhutyelwa kwisibindi kunye neentso, i-vitamin D iguqulwa kwi-calcitriol, i-hormone elawula i-calcium absorption. Ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwindlala, ukuveliswa kwe-calcitriol kuncitshiswa. Le meko iphathwa ngokuqeshwa kwe calcitriol okanye iziyobisi ezifanayo. Iindlela ezifana ne-fluoroscopy, ukuskena kwe-isotopu kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-hertological yeesampuli zamathambo zizinto ezibalulekileyo ze-bone disease diagnostic. Ulwazi oluxabisekileyo lokuxilonga ngezifo zethambo, ngaphandle kwe-osteoporosis, lunokufumaneka rhoqo kwiimvavanyo zegazi.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi

Iimvavanyo ezibalulekileyo zilinganiso zengxube e-plasma ye-calcium kunye ne-phosphate, kunye nomsebenzi we-alkaline phosphatase, i-enzyme eyenziwa yi-osteoblasts. Ukuxilongwa kwe-calcium kwiplasma ngokuqhelekileyo kuyahluka phakathi kwe-2.3 kunye no-2.6 mmol / l. Iqondo le-calcium lilawulwa ngamahomoni amabini - i-capcitriol (isiphumo se-vitamin D) kunye ne-hormone ye-parathyroid. Iyancipha nge-renal osteodystrophy, kunye nakwiimeko ezininzi ze-osteomalacia kunye neerkey. Kwi-osteoporosis kunye ne-Paget's disease, i-concentration ye-calcium igcinwe kwisigaba esiqhelekileyo (nangona isifo sikaPaget, ukuba isiguli singenakunyuswa, singasuka). Ukuxinwa kwe-calcium kwiplasma kuboniswa kunye ne-hyperparathyroidism eyona nto (ngokuqhelekileyo ibangelwa isisu esinobunzima beentlanzi eziphathekayo). I-hormone ye-Parathyroid isebenzise i-osteoclasts, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwezonyango zesifo seethambo kwesi sifo akunjalo. Iqondo eliphezulu le-plasma calcium liqhelekile kwizigulane zomhlaza. Kwezinye iimeko, oku kubangelwa kukutshatyalaliswa kwethambo ngama-metastases, kwabanye ngenxa yentsholongwane yi-tumor ngokwazo izinto ezifana ne-hormone ye-parathyroid (i-peptides ye-GPT). Uxinzelelo lwe-phosphate kwi-plasma ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-0.8 no-1.4 mmol / l. Ukugxininiswa kwenyameko kubonakala ekuhlulekeni komzimba (xa ukugxininiswa kwiplasma yerea kunye ne-creatinine, iimveliso ze-metabolism, zivame ukukhutshwa emzimbeni ngomchamo, zanda ngokukhawuleza), kwaye zinciphisa - nge-osteomalacia kunye ne-rickets. Ngesifo sePaget kunye ne-osteoporosis, ukuxinwa kwe-phosphate kwiplasma ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo. Umsebenzi wePlasma alkaline phosphatase Umsebenzi owandisiweyo wale enzyme ubonakala kwi-osteomalacia, isifo sePaget kunye ne-osteodystrophy. Ngonyango olusebenzayo, linciphisa. Ngokukodwa i-alkaline phosphatase iluncedo njengommakishi wokusebenza kwonyango kwisifo sikaPaget. Inqanaba le-plasma alkali phosphatase landa kwanezifo ezithile zesibindi kunye ne-bile duct system, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kule meko akukho ubunzima bokuxilongwa.

Ezinye iimvavanyo zegazi

Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuxinwa kwigazi le-vitamin D kunokulinganiswa. Iqondo eliphantsi libonisa i-osteomalacia okanye i-rickets. Akukho mvavanyo echazwe ngasentla iyakwazi ukubona i-osteoporosis, kuba ukungalingani phakathi kwezinga lokubunjwa nokutshabalaliswa kwethambo kunye nokudla ngokuthe ngcembe kweso sifo kuncinci. Ukuxilongwa kungaqinisekiswa ngoncedo lweendlela ezikhethekileyo ze-X-ray. Ithambo eliqhelekileyo elithambo kwi-radiographs lichazwe ngokucacileyo, nge-osteoporosis, izicubu zethambo zincinci kwaye zibukeka zimnyama kumfanekiso. Ukulinganisa ubuninzi bezithambo zamaminerali, i-densitometry ye-phositometry yesibini-photon isetyenziselwa ukuxilonga ngokuqinisekileyo i-osteoporosis. Oogqirha banesidingo esiphuthumayo seendlela ezilula ukuchonga abantu abane-osteoporosis okanye abo basengozini yokukhula kwesi sifo, kunye nokubeka esweni ukuphumelela kwonyango.