Ngenkqubela kwimbali yoluntu, kukho utshintsho olongezelelekileyo kwindlela yokujonga ukunyanya. KwiMinyaka Ephakathi, umzekelo, kwakubonwa njengento ebonisa imbonakalo yezinga eliphezulu loluntu. Ibhinqa elipheleleyo liyimodeli yezempilo kunye nobulili, kwaye ukukhuluphala kwesi sihlandlo asikho nto iholele kwiingxaki zobugcisa. Okwangoku, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yengozi yempilo, ukukhuluphala kunokuchazwa njengenye yeengxaki ezinzulu kakhulu zokuxilonga. Ukunyaniseka njengengxaki yoluntu yanamhlanje kuyintloko yentetho yanamhlanje.
Yintoni ukunyanya?
Ukunyameka kunokuba kuchazwe njengenzuzo yesisindo, kubonakaliswe kwiipasiti eziqhelekileyo ze-triglycerides kumancuksi anamafutha anemiphumo emibi emzimbeni. Okokuthi, akuyiyo yonke into epheleleyo ukunyanya. Ekubeni umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wamafutha omzimba uninzi kwizifundo ezibizayo kwaye ezingenakufikeleleka, indlela eqhelekileyo yokumisela ukukhuluphala, into ebizwa ngokuba yi "index index mass", yamukelwa kwinkalo yempilo. Ubudlelwane obuphakathi kobunzima bomntu kwiikhilogram kunye nokuphakama kwiimitha kwi-square echazwe kwi-1896 A. A. Quetelet kwaye yaveliswa ekudalweni kwecwangciso jikelele yokubala isalathisi sobunzima:
Ubunzima bomzimba obuphantsi - ngaphantsi kwe-18.5 kg / m 2
Isisindo esiphezulu - 18,5 - 24,9 kg / m 2
Ukugqithisa - 25 - 29.9 kg / m 2
Ubungakanani be-1 degree - 30 - 34.9 kg / m 2
Ubungakanani be-2 degrees - 35 - 39.9 kg / m 2
Ubungakanani besilinganisi-3 - ngaphezulu kwe-40 kg / m 2
Ngo-1997, i-World Health Organisation (i-WHO) yamkela umgangatho wokulinganisa isisindo ngokuhambelana nale nkqubo. Kodwa ke izazinzulu zithi le ncwadana ayiniki naluphi na ulwazi malunga nenani leoli, kwaye kubaluleke ngakumbi, apho ikhona emzimbeni. Ngaloo nto, le nto ibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ukunyanya. Ukusabalaliswa kwesithili kwimizimba ye-adipose yinto ebalulekileyo yokuchonga ubungakanani bokukhuluphala, ukubeka ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu bezinto ezibonakalisa izifo ezithintekayo. Ukuqokelela kwamafutha kwindawo yesisu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Android (ephakathi, emasimini) inxulumene nokunyuka okukhulu kwingozi yempilo, enkulu kunokuba luhlobo lwentlobo yesisu. Ngaloo ndlela, inkcazo yesalathisi somzimba isoloko ihamba kunye nokulinganisa umthamo wokhuni. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba isibalo sobunzima bomzimba ≥ 25 kg / m 2 sidibene kunye nesinqunyiko sobunzima ≥ 102 cm kumadoda kunye no-≥88 cm kwabasetyhini banokwandisa kakhulu amathuba okunzima. Phakathi kwabo: uxinzelelo lwe-hypertension, i-dyslipidemia (ukungaphumeleli kwe-lipid metabolism), i-atherosclerosis, ukunganyangeki kwe-insulin, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela, isifo se-cerebral kunye ne-myocardial infarction.
Izibalo zobutyebi emhlabeni
Amanani okugqithisa amacala akhula emhlabeni wonke ngezinga elikhawulezayo, ufikelele kwi-epidemiological proportions. Ingxaki yobutyebi bentlalo yanamhlanje iye yafika ngokukhawuleza - kwiqela elidlulileyo leminyaka. Ngokwezibalo zobuninzi, njengabantu abangama-250 yezigidi emhlabeni jikelele banokufumanisa ukuba banesisindo kwaye i-1.1 yezigidigidi zikhulu kakhulu. Olu hlobo luya kubakhokelela ekubeni ngo-2015, ezi zikhombisi ziya kukhula zibe zigidi ezingama-700 kunye nabantu abayi-2.3 bhiliyoni, ngokulandelana. Uninzi oluxhalabisayo lunyuke kwinani labantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-5 - ibe ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 emhlabeni jikelele. Kwakhona ukuxhalaba kukuxhaphaka kohlobo loku-3 ukukhuluphala (≥ 40 kg / m 2 ) - kuye kwanda malunga ne-6 kwimizuzu elishumi edlulileyo.
Kuyo yonke iYurophu, ukukhuluphala kwamathintela malunga nama-50% kunye nokugqithisa - malunga ne-20% yabantu, kunye ne-Yurophu yaseMpumalanga neMpuma-yezona ndawo zichaphazelekayo. E-Rashiya, imeko ibaluleke kakhulu - malunga namadoda angama-63% kunye ne-46% yabasetyhini kwiminyaka yobudala abachaphazelekayo, xa i-17% kunye no-19%, ngokulandelanayo, banzima. Izwe elinelona nqanaba eliphezulu lokunyanya emhlabeni - iNauru (Oceania) - ama-85% amadoda kunye nama-93% wabasetyhini.
Yintoni ekhokelela ekuphuhliseni ukunyanya
Ukugqithisela kukuphulaphula isifo semetabolism esingapheliyo, ngenxa yokusebenzisana okunzima kwezityalo (iimpawu zofuzo, ibhalansi ye-hormone) kunye nezimo zangaphandle. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuphuhliswa kwayo siqwalaselwa ukuba sigcine ukulinganisela kwamandla ngenxa yokunyuka kwamandla, ukunciphisa amandla okusetyenziswa okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwezi zombini. Ekubeni umthombo oyintloko wamandla kubantu, izondlo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokukodwa kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yomzimba. Ngaphandle kokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi eyaneleyo, amandla apheliswa ngamandla, izinto ezingenakunyuswa ngokuchanekileyo, ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekuzuzeni ubunzima, ukukhuluphala kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezifo ezithintekayo.
Isondlo kwi-etiology yokunyanya
Ukuba eminyaka emininzi edlulileyo kwakungekho ukungabaza malunga nokubaluleka kokutya okunomsoco kwi-etiology yokunyanyisa, namhlanje, kuluntu lwangoku, kubonakaliswe ukuba ukutya kukubaluleke kakhulu apha. Ukubeka esweni kokutya kubonisa ukuba ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30-40 yokugqibela, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwindleko nganye kwandisiwe, kwaye le ngxaki iza kuqhubeka kwikamva. Ukongezelela, utshintsho oluthile luhamba kunye neenguqu ezinobulunga ekunondleni. Ukusetyenziswa kwamatye kwiminyaka yamuva kuye kwaphakama ngokukhawuleza, njenge-mono-kunye ne-polyunsaturated fatty acids "ezinikeziweyo" ezizaliswe ngamafutha e-fatty. Ngelo xesha, kukho ukuxhamla ekusebenziseni ushukela olula, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-carbohydrates eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye ne-fiber kuye kwehla. Ukutya okuphezulu kumanqatha kunye nee-carbohydrate ezilula zikhethwa ukutya ngenxa yokunambitha kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, baneempembelelo ezibi kakhulu kunye nokwanda kwenani lamandla (iikhalori ngalinye ubunzima beyunithi) - izinto ezikhokelela ngokukhawuleza kumlinganiselo ochanekileyo wamandla kunye nokugqithisa okulandelayo.
Kubaluleka komsebenzi
Ukukhula koqoqosho ngokuqhubekayo, intambo enobudlova kwezoshishino kunye nokuhlala kwamadolophu kunokunciphisa imfuno yemisebenzi edinga umzamo wenyama. Okhokho bethu abazange bahlawulele umsebenzi wokusebenza kunye nokufumana imithwalo. Baye banyanzelwa ukuba benze oko ngobomi ngokwabo. Thina, abahlala kwiidolophu, kufuneka bahlawule isamba esininzi ukutyelela isikhungo samagumbi sanamhlanje okanye i-pool yokubhukuda, usebenze okanye uhambe kwiseshoni yokonyango. Okwangoku, ukunyakaza kubalulekile ukugcina isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi malunga nawo onke amalungu kunye nezixhobo emzimbeni wethu. Ukungabikho kwazo ngaphandle kwezizathu ezifanelekileyo kuya kutshintsha okanye emva koko kukhokelela ekutshintsheni kweengxaki kwizitho kunye nezicubu zomzimba, kwiingxaki zempilo kunye nokuguga kwasekuqaleni.
Izifundo ezininzi ze-epidemiological zibonise ukuba ukuhlala kwindlela yokuhlala ehlala kudibanisa nokunyuka kwinani leengxaki zokuxilonga, ngokukodwa, ukukhululeka nokukhuluphala. Kuyathakazelisa, ukuba umlinganiselo wokunciphisa umthambo wokunyameka komzimba ulawulo oluthile, oko kukuthi, ukungabikho komsebenzi kubangelwa ukufumana ubunzima, kwaye kunzima kubantu abanomzimba ogqithiseleyo ukuba baqalise ukwenza umsebenzi. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuqokelela ubunzima obuninzi kunciphisa kwaye kukhokelela ekwakheni isangqa esicacileyo. Kuyinto yokunyusa amandla okwandisa nokunciphisa umsebenzi owenziwe ngumzimba obangelwa ukuqhuma okubonakalayo kwintlupheko yokutyeba okwangoku. Kukholelwa ukuba ukutya okunomsoco kunesabelo esiphezulu somngcipheko, ngenxa yokuba sinokukwazi ukuvelisa ngokulinganisela ukulinganisela kwamandla kunokuzibuyisela emva koko ngomsebenzi wenyama.
Ukukhuluphala kwe-Genetic kunye nokuzalwa
Nangona ukugqithisa ngokugqithisileyo kuthatha inxalenye yelifa, iimeko ezichanekileyo ezingekaqondwa kakuhle. Iimpawu ze-genetic zobunzima bomntu kunzima ukuzihlukanisa, kuba inani elikhulu lama-genotypes lidibanisa phantsi kwefuthe lezinto zangaphandle. Inzululwazi iyazi imeko apho iintlanga zonke kunye neentsapho ezixhomekeke ngakumbi ekunyanyeni ziye zazimisela, kodwa kusenzima ukutsho ukuba le nzala i-100%, ekubeni amalungu ala maqela adla ukutya okufanayo kwaye anesakhono esifanayo.
Izifundo eziqhutywe phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu abantu abaneenkalo ezinkulu kwi-index mass mass and the amount of fat, kunye namawele, kubonisa ukuba u-40% ukuya ku-70% weengxaki ezahlukeneyo zikhethwe ngaphambili. Ukongezelela, iziphumo zofuzo zichaphazela kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuxutywa kwezondlo. Okwangoku, nangona kukho inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobugcisa, kunzima ukusho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngaba lo mfuzo - ukukhuluphala.
Ukubaluleka kwamanye amahomoni ekuphuhliseni ukukhuluphala
Ngo-1994, kwafunyanwa ukuba i-fat is kind of organ endocrine. Ukukhululwa kwe-hormone ye-leptin (ukusuka kwi-Greek Leptos - ephantsi) inikeza ithemba lokufunyanwa kwezilwanyana ukulwa nokukhuluphala. Inzululwazi ezininzi sele ziqalise ukufuna iipeptides ezifanayo kwindalo ukuze zinikezele ngokusemthethweni umzimba womntu.
- I-Leptin yi- hormone ye-adipose tissue, ekhoyo kwizinga le-vascular lilingana nemali yalo. I-Leptin yenza kwiindawo ezithile zokufumana iindawo ze-hypothalamus, ezithumela iimpawu ezixhomekeke kwiingqondo. Uvumela ukuba wazi xa umzimba ufumene inani elaneleyo lezinto ezivela ekudleni. Ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho lwe-gene lujongene nokuveliswa kwe-leptin. Abantu abachaphazelekayo kule ntshintsho banomgangatho ophantsi we-leptin kwaye baziva befuna isidlo sokutya. Abantu bahlala belambile kwaye, bezama ukuzaliseka, bona ngokwabo bavusa ukuphuhliswa kwesifo se-pathological fetus. Ukubonelela i-leptin evela ngaphandle kuba bantu kubaluleke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwizigulane ezigqithiseleyo, kukho amazinga aphezulu e-serum leptin, kodwa ngelo xesha, ukwanda kwenyuka. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukuchasana kunye ne-substituting leptin yonyango ayinayo impembelelo.
- I-Grelinate yi -hormone yesiginci sesisu, esenza isenzo esifana ne-leptin. Ichazwa njengehomoni yendlala. Umgangatho wakhe uphakama ngaphambi kokutya kwaye wehla emva kokutya. I-Grelinate isetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa isitofu sokulwa nokukhuluphala okungayi kuvumela ukuba ifinyelele i-receptors kwinkqubo yesantya ephakathi kwaye idale indlala. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngokukhuluphala, le mvakalelo iyabonakala ibe yinyani, ngoko kuya kuba ngcono ukuyeka ukufikelela kwi-hormone yindlala kwintliziyo. Eli lilungelo lesigulane esinobunzima bokuqala ukuqhuba ubomi obuqhelekileyo.
- I-Peptide YY yenye enye ihomoni ethatha inxaxheba ekuthandweni kwenyama. Ukuveliswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamathumbu amancinci kunye namakhulu emva kokungcinywa, le hormone igxotha ukukhutshwa kwesisu, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukutyalwa kunye nokuxutywa kwezondlo kwaye kwandisa ukuvakalelwa. Abantu abaphethwe yinyameko banamazinga aphantsi kaYY peptide. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunye neziphuzo ezicebile kwiprotheni, kwandisa ukufihla kwep peptide YY kunye nokwandisa ukuvakalelwa.
- I-Adiponectin yenye enye i-hormone eveliswa kwi-adipose tissue, enefuthe elibonakalayo ekuphuhliseni ukukhuluphala. Nangona indima yayo emzimbeni ingazange iqhutywe ngokupheleleyo, kuboniswa ngokucacileyo ukuba izigulane zineengxaki zokunyanyisa, zinezinga eliphantsi le-adiponectin kwaye ngokulandelelana - emva kokunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba, ukunyuswa kwengqondo kwanda. Iingcamango ezenziwe kwiimiceba zelabhoratri zabonakalisa ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo esiphuthumayo emva kokusetyenziswa kwangaphandle kwe-adiponectin. Ngaphambi kokuba kulandwe izilingo kubantu, kunjalo, iimpendulo ezininzi kufuneka ziphendulwe.
Kutheni ukugqithisa kwesi sifo esibalulekileyo?
Ukubaluleka kwezenhlalakahle zokugqithisa akuqinisekanga nje kuphela ngamanani aphethwe yingozi, ukuba sele ifikeleleke phakathi kwabemi behlabathi, kodwa kunye nemingcipheko yempilo ebonisa. Enyanisweni, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokukhululeka, ukukhuluphala kunye nokufa kwangaphambi kwexesha kubonakalisiwe. Ukongezelela koko, ukunyamezela ngenye yezinto eziphambili ze-etiological kwi-pathogenesis yesibalo esikhulu sezifo ezichaphazela inani labantu abahlala bezoqoqosho kwihlabathi kunye nokukhokelela ekukhubazekeni nasekukhubazekeni. Ngokweedata ezisemthethweni, malunga ne-7% yenkcitho epheleleyo kwimpilo kumazwe athile aphuhlisiwe anikwa ukuphatha imiphumo yokunyanya. Enyanisweni, lo mfanekiso unokuba ngamaxesha athile aphezulu, ngenxa yokuba ezininzi zezifo ezidityanisiweyo ngokugqithiseleyo zingabandakanywa ekubaleni. Nazi ezinye zezifo eziqhelekileyo ezibangelwa ukukhuluphala, kunye nesantya somngcipheko ukuba kubangele ukuphuhlisa kwabo:
Izifo eziqhelekileyo ezibangelwa ukukhuluphala:
Ukwanda kwingozi | Umngcipheko ophantsi | Kwenyuka kakhulu ingozi |
U xinzelelo | Izifo zenhliziyo | Cancer |
Dyslipidaemia | Osteoarthritis | Intlungu ebuhlungu |
Ukuxhathisa kwe-insulin | Gout | Iziphulo zophuhliso |
Isifo sikashukela sesibini 2 Ukulala ngomoya Isifo seGallstone | Isifuba |
Ukugqithiseleka kuyinkathazo engapheliyo yesifo somzimba eneempembelelo zempilo kakhulu. Nangona kwindlela ethile ukuphuhliswa kwayo kugqitywe ngokwemizimba, iziganeko zokuziphatha, ngokukodwa, ukondla kunye nokusebenza komzimba, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-etiology. Ngoko ukubonakala kobunzima obuninzi okanye ukukhuluphala - konke oko kuya kuxhomekeka kuthi ngokwethu, kwaye yonke into iyisizathu.