Unyango lokubetha kwabantwana

Ukuthungatha kubonisa ukuphulwa kwentambo yentetho, ukunyanzelisa kwayo kunye nesingqisho. Kwenzeka kubantwana ngenxa yokudibanisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokuthetha. Iyeza zanamhlanje ziphatha ukubetha kwabantwana ngeendlela ezininzi kunye neendlela ezijolise ekuphuculeni intetho yabantwana.

Iindlela zonyango. Ziye zasetyenziswa ukuphatha ukunyamezela ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ngamaHippocrates, uCelsus, uAristotle, uGalen, uAvicenna ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-degrees. Izigulane zonyango zodwa azivumelekanga ukukrazula umntwana wokubetha, kodwa zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengendlela yokongeza kwiindlela eziphambili zonyango.

Indlela yokuphanda. Le ndlela yokuphatha ukubetha isetyenzisiwe ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala. n. e. kwaye iqhubeke ifike phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka eyalandela kwakukho uluvo lokuba indlela yokugqirha ayinamsebenzi kwaye ngexesha elifanayo inengozi kwisicelo (iBonnet, Antill, Dionysus, Dieffenbach, Petit, Aeginsky, Fabricius, njl.). Le ndlela yokwelapha i-stuttering ibonakala ngesiseko sokuthi ukugubha isisiphumo se-pathological anatomy yeziganeko ezicacileyo okanye ukungabikho kobuthakathaka obuthathaka kwiintlobo zolwimi.

Izidakamizwa zakwa-Orthopedic zazincedisa ekwenzeni unyango.

Indlela ye-Psychotherapeutic. Impembelelo ye-psychotherapeutic iye yangena kwindlela yokuphatha ukubetha ukususela ekubeni ixesha lokubetha libukeka njengengxaki ye-neurotic. I-Freschels, i-Netkachev, kunye nabanye banike le ndlela yokubaluleka kwonyango ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqhaqhaza kwakucatshangelwa, okokuqala, njengentlungu. Kule nxu lumene, iindlela zokuthintela umntwana otyumkileyo zikhethwe ngenxa yeempembelelo zabo kwi-psyche.

Iindlela zobugcisa. Isicelo sabo sijolise ekuphuhliseni intetho efanelekileyo kumntwana ngokusebenzisa inkqubo epheleleyo kunye neendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zentetho ezincinci, ezimele zibandakanye zombini izinto zokuthetha kunye nentetho yonke. Izindlela ezinjalo zazisetyenziswa nguG Gutzman, u-Himiller, Itar, uDengardt, u-Kussmaul, uCohen, uLee, noAndres.

Amanyango kunye nemfundo. Kukholelwa ukuba inkqubo yokuqala yokuthintela unyango kunye nemfundiso yengqondo kumntwana ohluphekayo ukuxubha yanikezelwa kwiingcebiso ze-IA Sikorsky. (1889) kunye nomfundi wakhe uK khmelevsky. (1897).

Ngoko, iSikorsky I.A. ekwenzeni unyango lwabantwana lucebisa:

Kungekudala, ingqalelo ehlawulwe ingqalelo kwimpembelelo ye-psychotherapeutic kubuntu bomntwana obhekene nokubetha, kumxholo weendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Ngokusekelwe kuphando lwabafundi beRussia i-Sechenov IM, iPavlova IP, kunye nabalandeli babo, iingcali zikhethe iindlela eziphambili zokuphelisa ukubetha kwaye zichaze indlela ekhoyo yendlela yokuhlalutya kubantwana.

Indlela enzima. Ukuqhawula isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi yesistim. Kuvela ngezizathu eziliqela-eziphilayo, ezengqondo kunye noluntu.

Indlela ekhoyo yinkqubo yesimanje ekunqobeni ukubethelela kubhekiselele kwimpembelelo yokwelapha kunye nokufundisa kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yengqondo yengqondo yomntwana ehlanjululwayo, usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigudu yeengcali zeefayili ezahlukeneyo. Amanyathelo ezonyango kunye nokufundisa zibandakanya iinkqubo zonyango kunye nokulungiselela, unyango lomzimba, unyango lwe-psychotherapy, unyango lwentetho, unyango lwentetho, imisebenzi yemfundo. Injongo yabo kukuqinisa nokuphucula inkqubo yeentlanzi kwaye, ngokubanzi, wonke umzimba womntwana; ukulahla isimo sengqondo esingalunganga kwisiphene sokuthetha, ukubuthathaka nokuphelisa ukugqitywa kwentetho, ukuphazamiseka kokuphefumla kunye nezwi, intetho kunye nezakhono zamandla; ulungelelaniso lwezenhlalakahle lwabantwana abaqhawulayo. Namhlanje, iinzame zeengcali zijolise ekufundeni ngokujulileyo iimpawu zengqondo zengqondo zabantwana abaqhawulayo.