Umzimba womntu unokusebenza njengekhaya elihle kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo, ezininzi zazo ezingenakubungozi ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zazo zingaba yingozi. Usulelo lwezifo ezithile zingakhokelela ekufeni.
Ukunyanga komzimba
Iimbalwa ezincinci ezinokubangela izifo zintsholongwane ezibonakalayo phantsi kwe-microscope ye-electron. Bayakwazi ukuvelisa kuphela ngaphakathi kweeseli zomzimba. Emva koko ilandela iibhakteria kunye nesibindi sesinambuzane - eziphilayo ezininzi eziphilayo ezingabonakaliyo, ezibonakala nge-microscope ebonakalayo. Eyona nto inkulu "abahlaseli" emzimbeni wethu abizwa ngokuba ngama-parasites. Eli thuba lidibanisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka eplasmodia (elula, enokubonwa kuphela ngaphantsi kwe-microscope) kwiimbungu, iinqwenya, izilwanyana kunye neengxube, eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo ezibonakalayo kwiso. Amakhulu ezininzi zeentlobo zezilwanyana eziphilayo zingaphila emzimbeni womntu okanye ngaphakathi kwayo. Ininzi yabo ayinabungozi kwaye ayifanelekanga ingqalelo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabo ihlala elukhumbeni nasezinyaweni okanye emathunjini.
Ukuchongwa kwezidumbu
Ukufundwa kwezidumbu ezibandakanya iingcali-i-parasitologists. Umsebenzi wabo ukufumanisa i-infestation ye-parasitic (ebizwa nangokuthi isifo okanye isilwanyana) kwaye unika unyango olufanelekileyo. Uninzi lwama-parasites, afana nezilwanyana kunye neentambo, zinkulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye ngoko zibonakala kwiso iso. Ziyingozi, kodwa aziyingozi kuzo. Nangona kunjalo, bayakwazi ukuthwala izifo ezinzulu kakhulu. Ukufumanisa oku kukwaxanduva lwamapasitologists. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuqhelekileyo isizathu esithile sokubonisana nomfaki we-parasitologist ngolwazi malunga nezifo ezidlulayo. Ama-parasites awaqhelekanga kumazwe aseNtshona, njengeemeko zemozulu kunye nabemi abancinci bangela iimeko ezingathandekiyo zokusasazwa kwabo kunye nokuphila. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo sokudibanisa i-laboratories yeparasitology kubonakala kweempawu ezingenakuqondakala emva kokubuya ehambo. Izibonakaliso zentsholongwane ye-parasitic i-diarrhea, i-fever nezinye, iimpawu eziqhelekileyo. Ama-parasites aqhelekileyo kwilizwe elihlwempuzekileyo ngesimo sezulu eshushu, apho zizona zimbangela ezibalulekileyo zokubandezeleka. Isizathu esivangekileyo somkhuhlane kunye nokufa eAfrika kubonakala ngathi i-malaria; I-Ankylostomiasis iyona nto ibangela kakhulu i-anemia kwihlabathi, kwaye ukuxinwa kubantu abadala kubangelwa kukuba i-cysticercosis (isifo esibangelwa izibungu ze-tapeworms ezihlala kwingqondo). Izidumbu zingenza ubhudo, izilonda zemiphunga, inkqubo yeentlungu kunye nentliziyo - uluhlu lweempawu zentsholongwane ye-parasitic inkulu kakhulu. Kuze kube kutshanje, izidumbu ziye zibangelwa rhoqo kwizifo eYurophu, kodwa ukunyuka kwimiqathango yokuphila kunye nokulawulwa kocwangco kuye kwanciphisa inani lezonyango zokugula. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba imeko enjalo ayiyi kuvuka kwakhona - umzekelo, i-malaria eYurophu yaphela kuphela kuma-1940. Ngaliphi na ixesha, enye okanye ezinye izinto ezinobungozi zezilwanyana ezinobungozi zingabangela ubhubhane oluya kutshabalalisa abaninzi abantu.
Ukuseka ukuba yeyiphi inani elikhulu lezonyango ezenza izifo ezibangelwa sisifo, abahamba nge-parasitologists basebenzisa iindlela ezintathu. Eyokuqala ngumbuzo ogqithisiweyo wesigulane.
Imbali yembali
Uninzi lweepasasiti ezinobungozi zihlala kuphela kwiindawo ezithile zeendawo, ngoko ke ngaphambi kokuba uphando olongezelelweyo luyimfuneko ukufumana ngokuthe ngqo apho isiguli siphila nalapho ahamba khona. Kuyinto engenakuncedo ukujonga i-parasite esasazeka kuphela kuloo nxalenye yehlabathi apho isiguli singakaze sibe khona.
Microscopy
Indlela yesibini yokuphanda i-microscopy yesiqhelo. Ezinye izidumbu zingabonwa ngeso iso, kodwa ezininzi zazo zincinci kule nto. Nangona kunjalo, zinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zibonakala phantsi kwe-microscope. I-parasitologists zisebenzisa iilisi ezikhethekileyo ukuhlula iisampuli, kodwa ezininzi izidumbu zibonakala ngaphandle kwayo. Ukuba isigulane sifumana urhudo, i-parasitologists iya kuhlalutya isampula se-stool. Ukuqhubela phambili i-genus, ama-parasites kufuneka aphindwe, ngoko ke ukuba nabo bahlala ngaphakathi kwimbutho yokusingqongileyo, ubuncinane ubukho bamaqanda buya kubanika ubukho babo.
Iimvavanyo ze-Antibody
Isixhobo sesithathu esibalulekileyo ukuhlolwa kwegazi. Umzimba uvelisa amanqindi okukhusela ama-parasites, kwaye i-parasitologists inokubona ukufumaneka kwala ma-antibodies kwigazi lomguli. Oku kusebenza njengobungqina obuchanekileyo bokubakho kwepasitini kwaye kukuvumela ukuba wenze uvavanyo oluchanekileyo. I-Malaria yisifo esiqhelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele, ngokuqhelekileyo ibangela ukufa. Ama-parasites adluliselwa ngeengcungcuthe zobummi. Iimpawu zesifo sifana nomkhuhlane, ngokungabikho kwonyango kunokukhokelela ekubeni i-coma okanye ukufa. Ukuxilongwa, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwenziwa. Iprotozoa yizinto eziphilayo ezifakwe kwi-single-celled, ezinye zazo ezikwazi ukudala isifo sesilonda kumntu. Iprotozoa efana ne-lamblia (Giardia) ingabangela ukugula okukhulu kubantu abanokukhuseleka komzimba, kodwa banokufumaneka lula phantsi kwe-microscope. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempethu ezinokubangela ukuba umntu abe neengxaki zamathumbu emathumbu. Uninzi lwazo aluyingozi, kodwa ezinye zingabangela izifo ezinzulu. Ukuxilonga kunokuba nzima, ukucacisa uhlobo lwe-pathogen ludinga ukuhlalutya kwamathambo. Nangona ininzi iimbongolo, umzekelo, i-bandworms, inokuchaphazela iphepheni yesisu, ezinye iintlobo zingena emzimbeni ngezinye iindlela, umzekelo ngesikhumba. Ezi zifo zifunyanwa kubahambi, nakwabantu abane-immunity.