Ngethuba lokuqala inkqubo ye-in vitro fertilization (IVF) yenziwe ngempumelelo eNgilani ngo-1978, xa umntwana wokuqala ephuma kwisixhobo sovavanyo avela - uLouise Brown. Ukususela ngaloo ndlela, abantwana abangaphezu kwezigidi babele bazalwa emhlabeni. Impumelelo ephezulu kakhulu yabasetyhini banamhlanje ibonisa oko kusekelwe kubulumko besifazane kunye nentlalo-ntle.
Ukuba isisu asikho (ukususela ekuzalweni okanye ngenxa yokuhlinzwa), okanye ukuba umfazi uyaphikiswa xa ekhulelwe, okanye ukuba akafuni nje ukugqithisa iinyanga, unokuthi asebenze kwiinkonzo zomama onqabileyo. I-embryo efunyenwe ngoncedo lwe-IVF efanayo ifakwa kwisibeleko somfazi ovuma ukunyamezela umntwana kwaye emva kokubeletha abazali bakhe. Kwaqala oko kwenzeka e-USA ngo-1986. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izalamane zitshintsha oomama (kuquka oomama nonina abathwala abazukulu babo). Kwamazwe amaninzi aphucukileyo, umama okhutshelweyo unqatshelwe ngokupheleleyo, okanye uvunyelwe kuphela kwi-non-commercial. Ngokomzekelo, iBrithani uCorol Horlock, owathi wathatha abanye abantwana abathandathu abantwaba, wenza oko kuphela ukuzonwabisa ngokukhulelwa. Kodwa unqabile ukumbona umntu onjalo, kwaye umfazi wesimhla uyaziqhenya ngeyona nto iphumelele kakhulu.
Kwamazwe amaninzi, kuquka i-Ukraine, iRashiya, i-Kazakhstan, iindibano ezithile zaseMelika, umama wokuzalwa ngokusemthethweni uphathwe ngokusemthethweni kwixabiso lezoshishino (ixabiso liyahluma phakathi kwama-5 no-10 lamawaka-dollar).
Ngendlela efanayo, i -lesbians encinci inokuzala "umntwana oqhelekileyo": enye ithatha iqanda, enye ithwala. I-Sperm, kunjalo, umnikeli. Ukususela kumbono wezomthetho, lo ngumama wokuzalwa, ngoko ke umfazi onomntwana, phambi kwenkqubo, kufuneka abhale ukukhutshwa kwamalungelo okubeletha. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho iziganeko zomthetho (umzekelo, kungekudala e-United States ababini "abazali" bavavanywa ngenxa yengane yabo eneminyaka ezisixhenxe.) Inkundla yafumana uxwebhu oluvela kwikliniki, ngokuyisisesikweni ngokusemthethweni, ngokwaneleyo ukukhanyela umama wesibini ilungelo lokugcinwa). Kodwa nangona kukho unyango, ukuziphatha kunye nezinye iingxaki, i-IVF kunye nokukhulelwa kwangoku kwenza ukuba abo bafazi babe nethemba lokumangalisa ngaphambili.
Sitshintshana ngesondo
Akunakwenzeka ukuba i-oddballs ehambileyo, ababenxibe iimbolo zamadoda, iinwele ezimfutshane kunye nokutshaya umbhobho, bayavuma ukuguqula ubulili - babenezinto ezaneleyo. Kodwa kuluntu lwabantu behlala behlala bezalelwa emzimbeni wamanye amazwe. Ngoku babizwa ngokuba yi-transsexuals. Ngokwezibalo zaseMerika, amadoda amathathu aziwayo njengabesifazane, kukho enye ibhinqa eyaziwayo njengendoda. Kuze kube ngo-1960, abantu abangqingiliyo babesenalo ithuba lokufumana umzimba "ochanekileyo", babecinga ukuba bagula ngengqondo kwaye bazama ukunyanyiswa ngogesi. Kamva, iiyunivesithi eziliqela eUnited States zaqalisa uphando olunzulu malunga nolwazi lwesini, kwaye ngenxa yoko, izithintelo malunga nokutshintsha kwezesondo zapheliswa. Ngoku kwiindawo ezininzi eziphucukileyo, le nkqubo ilawulwa ngumthetho kwaye iquka izigaba eziliqela: unyango lwe-hormonal, utyando, utshintsho lwamagama kunye namaxwebhu (okugqibela, ngendlela, ayivunyelwe yonke indawo). E-Ukraine, akukho mithetho ehambelanayo, kodwa akukho ziingxaki ezikhethekileyo: isondo kwipasipoti singatshintshwa emva kokusebenza, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zoviwo lwezonyango. Oogqirha bathetha amabali amangalisa kumsebenzi wabo - umzekelo, malunga nomfazi ozijonga njengomntu ogama linguDima kwaye waphupha ngokutshata nomthandi wakhe. Esi sibini sasifuna ukuba nabantwana, kodwa umtshakazi wayeneengxaki zonyango. Emva koko uDima wagqiba ekubeni ahlawule ukuguqulwa kokugqibela kwaye kuqala wakhupha umntwana, owathi waba nguyise.
Yenza imbonakalo yokubhenca ukunambitha
Utyando lwePlastiki lunomlando omde, kodwa kwada kwaphakathi kwangekhulu lama-20 benziwa kuphela xa kudingekile: emva kwamanxeba, ukutshisa, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Abadlali abancinci kuphela nabadumileyo banqwenela ukulala phantsi kweelayi logqirha lokulibazisa ukuguga (umzekelo, uLyubov Orlova wayengumdlali weplastiki). Ukusebenza kwakubiza, kwaye iziphumo azizange ziqikelele ngenxa yeendlela ezingafezekanga. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50 - ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60 ekuphuhlisweni kweplastiki yaseMerika kwakukho ukuxhamla, umlinganiselo "wexabiso lomgangatho" uphucule ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala ukulungiswa kwendawo yangaphandle kwahlanganiswa neklasi eliphakathi. Mhlawumbi into ephambili ibalulekileyo kufuneka iqwalaselwe ukubonakala kweimpembelelo ze-silicone ngo-1962. Ukususela ngoko, isifuba esingumlinganiselo osisigxina siye sayeka ukuba sisigqibo sokugqibela kwintombazana ephuphayo yokulwa neHollywood. Kwamanye amagunya kwakukho ukungcola kwangempela kwiplastiki. Ngokomzekelo, eVenezuela, esoloko ihlangula abaphumeleleyo be-Miss World kunye ne-Miss Universe imincintiswano, abazali abavela kwiintsapho ezenza kakuhle bafumana izifuba ezinomdla kunye namathambo abantu abadala. Ukulungisa impumlo yakho kufana nokuya kwi-solarium. Ngentshiseko efanayo, amabhinqa aseKorea kunye nabaseTshayina baphinda baphinde babuke amehlo abo kunye neengezi ukuba bajonge njenge-europe. Ukubonakala kuyeke ukuba isipho sikaThixo (okanye isohlwayo), ngoku kungokusetyenzwa kwedatha yokuqala, ongayilahla ngayo ngokwakho ukuqonda.
Ukufumana iibhiliyoni
Ukufika kwinqanaba elithile, ibhinqa linokuba ngumnini-ntanethi kunye neefere ezithoba kuphela ngenxa yelifa lakhe. Kwishishini elitshatyalalisayo, isondo esibuthakathaka asizange kuvunyelwe: okokuqala - ngenxa yokungabikho kwemfundo (eyayikunzima kwakhona ukuyifumana), ngoko-ngenxa ye-glass "ceiling". Ukuphambana kokuqala kwindoda yokukhusela kwakwazi ukugqithisa phakathi kweejaji zokugqibela zonyango: uMary Kay no-Este Lauder. Ngethuba lokufa kwelokugqibela, ngo-2004, iindleko zombuso wakhe weengcingo zazifikile kwizigidigidi zama-dollar.
Ngoku a bafazi , abaye bafumana iinqununu zabo ngengqondo yabo, bavala abafazi abangamashumi amabini abacebileyo kwihlabathi ngokutsho kweForbes. Sinovuyo kakhulu ngobomi bomnikazi - umsunguli weenkampani ezinkulu zokugqoka uRosalia Mera (Inditex, ophethe i-brand Zara) kunye noJuliana Benetton. Bobabini banezigidi ezi-2.9. "Owesifazane ophumeleleyo kwilizwe elihlangeneyo laseUnited States" - UMargaret Whitman, owayeyi-CEO ye-eBay ukususela ngo-1998 ukuya ku-2008 - wafumana iibhiliyoni eziyi-1.6 ngokubulela kumbono wakhe wezoshishino.Amagama amabhiliyoni angamawaka ayaziwa kwihlabathi lonke: Umbukeli weTV uWoprah Winfrey noJoanne Rowling, obala ngokucacileyo ufana nenjongo ye "Cinderella", kunye noHarry Potter njengenkosana.
Jonga ibhiliyoni kumyeni wakhe
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlulileyo, ibhinqa alikho e-US, okanye eYurophu, okanye eRussia yayinamalungelo kwipropati yomyeni wayo, kwanokuba inkqubo yokuqhawula umtshato yaba luvavanyo olubuhlungu. E-UK, umzekelo, omnye wabafazi abenza "njengommangalelwa", oko kukuthi, ukuhlonelwa. Ukuba ukukhwabanisa ngokwenene kwakungekho, iqela elifake umtshato, kufuneka liyile kwaye liveze phambi kwenkundla. Ngoku, kumazwe amaninzi aphucukileyo, umfazi unelungelo lokwenza isiqingatha sepropati afunyenweyo emtshatweni (ngaphandle kokuba kungenjalo kuchazwe kwisivumelwano somtshato). KwiSoviet Union, "isiqingatha sezindlu ezidibeneyo" ngokuqhelekileyo kwakuthetha elinye okanye igumbi elinye nelinye kwisigumbi sokubambisana okanye isiqingatha se "Moskvich". Kodwa kwiRashiya yanamhlanje, i-akhawunti ihluke kakhulu. Umzekelo wezinto eziphambili zeempumelelo zabasetyhini banamhlanje ngumtshato we-Abramovich ngo-2007. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho amahemuhemu ukuba u-Irina Abramovich, owayebelethe umfazi wabantwana abantlanu, uya kufumana isiqingatha semali yakhe, oko kukuthi, malunga nama-dollar ayi-500. Kule meko, bekuza kuba ngumtshato oqashisayo kakhulu kwimbali. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenene, imbuyekezo ibe "kuphela" eyizigidi ezingama-300 zamaRandi (ngaphezulu ngokuchanekileyo, izigidi ezili-150 ezigidi). Oko, uya kuvuma, akuyona into embi, ucinga ukuba u-Irina, ekuthethileyo ngenxa yomtshato kunye nomsebenzi wegosa, uhlale engumfazi wendlu.
Amakhosikazi aseMerika anempumelelo ephezulu kakhulu yabasetyhini banamhlanje, athola amaninzi amaninzi avela kumadoda abo. Ingxelo inguPhyllis Redstone - emva kokufunda malunga nokungcatsha, wafaka umtshato kwaye ngo-2002 wammangalela umyeni wakhe, uSanner Redstone we-media manat, i-1.8 billion yeedola. Ibali elifanayo lenzeke nomtshato kaRupert Murdoch. Umfazi wakhe wesibini u-Anna Torv, efundile ngencwadana yomyeni wakhe kunye nomqeshwa omncinci uWendi Deng, waqalisa ukuqhawula umtshato kwaye ekugqibeleni wafumana malunga ne-1.5 billion.