Nge-dyslexia, ukukwazi komntu ukuqonda amagama (kunye ngamanye amaxesha) ngokubhala kubhaliwe. Abafayo besi sifo banenkinga ekunqumeni izandi zentetho (iifowuni) kunye nendawo yabo, kunye namazwi onke ngokufanelekileyo xa befunda okanye babhala. Yiyiphi unyango olukhethwa kwesi sifo, uya kufunda kwinqaku ethi "Inkqubo yokubona kwangaphambili i-dyslexia."
Izizathu ezinokwenzeka
Akukho mvumelwano malunga nohlobo lwe-dyslexia. Uninzi lweengcali zikholelwa ukuba le meko ivela ngenxa yezinto ezingaqhelekanga zengqondo, izizathu ezingaziwayo. Ukuphulwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwe-hemispheres engakwesokudla nangobunxele bengqondo, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba i-dyslexia yinkinga ye-hemisphere yasekhohlo. Isiphumo kukuba ukungasebenzi kweengingqi zengqondo ezidibanisa nentetho yokuqonda (indawo kaWernicke) kunye nokwakhiwa kwentetho (indawo ye-Broca). Kukho ukuthambekela kokusasazeka kwesi sifo kunye noxilongo olucacileyo lwe-genetic - i-dyslexia idlalwa rhoqo kumalungu entsapho enye. I-Dyslexia yinkinga eninzi. Nangona yonke i-dyslexics ineengxaki ekufumaneni izakhono zokufunda nokubhala (eziqhelekanga ezingahambelani neqondo labo jikelele), abaninzi banokunye okungaqhelekanga. Iimpawu zobume zi:
- Ubunzima kunye nolungiselelo lwezandi ngelizwi;
- ukungakwazi ukukhumbula ngegama lamagama, iinombolo kunye nemibala;
- ukukwazi ukuhlukanisa izandi okanye amagama omculo;
- ukudideka kweencwadi kunye namagama anesakhiwo esifanayo: ngoko, "kwaye" badidekile "n", "c" iba "o", kwaye "w" - "ni".
- ukuxhamla kunye nokungabikho koqhagamshelwano;
- ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi "kwesobunxele" kunye "ngakwesokudla";
- kunciphisa ingqwalasela kunye nokugxininisa;
- uvakalelo lwengqondo;
- ulungelelaniso;
- ukungakwazi ukucwangcisa, ukungaqondi kakuhle imiqondo "ngomso", "namhlanje" kunye "nezolo";
- iingxaki ekufundeni ulwazi lwesiseko semathematika.
Nangona bazalwa benesifo se-dyslexia, ubunzima buvela ngokuqala kwemfundo, xa abantwana abagulayo beqala ukuhlangabezana nentetho ebhaliweyo - ngeli xesha ukuba ingxaki ibonakalisiwe. Nangona kunjalo, i-disorder iyakucingelwa ngaphambili - kwixesha lokufunda, ngokulibaziseka ekuphuhlisweni kwentetho, ngakumbi kwiintsapho apho kukho iziganeko zesi sifo.
Ukungakwazi ukufunda
Ukuqala kwesikolo kubantwana abane-dyslexia kuletha ubunzima obunzima; banokuzama ngamandla kwaye bachitha ixesha elide lokufunda ngaphandle koontanga babo, kodwa ngeze. Abo bangenalo unyango abanalo izakhono eziyimfuneko; nokuba beqonda ukuba benza umsebenzi ngokungalunganga, abakwazi ukulungisa iimpazamo. Abantwana bacaphukile, banobuhlungu kwaye kunzima ukugxila. Bangakwazi ukuphepha ukwenza umsebenzi wesikolo ngenxa yokuba bayaqiniseka ukuba abayi kukwazi ukwenza ngokuchanekileyo. Ukungaphumeleli esikolweni kubangelwa ukuzithemba ukuzithemba, oku kunokukhokelela ekukhululeni abanye abantwana. Ukucaphuka, ukuthukuthela nokungaqondakali, umntwana uqala ukuziphatha kakubi esikolweni nakwikhaya. Ukuba i-dyslexia ayibonakaliswa kumanyathelo okuqala, imeko ingaba nefuthe elichaphazelayo kuphela ekusebenzeni kwesikolo, kodwa nakweminye imicimbi yobomi. Abazali, ootitshala nabanye abantu abasondelene nomntwana kaninzi abakwazi ukuchonga ingxaki baze bawele kwisicupho "seengcinga zeengxaki malunga ne-dyslexia." Kukho iinkolelo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, okanye iingcamango ezingalunganga, malunga ne-dyslexia:
- i-dyslexics "iyisiphukuphuku" - abantwana abananoma yiphina inqanaba lobunzima bangakwazi ukufumana isifo;
- i-dyslexics "ivila", yenza "iimpazamo eziyinyabi", "ayinaki" okanye "ayaneleyo" - ukusetyenziswa kolwazi nge-dyslexics kunzima kakhulu;
- I-Dyslexics iyanqatshelwe iitalente;
- i-dyslexics ayikhathaleli;
- i-dyslexics iyakubhubha kumsebenzi ongenamsebenzi - ukuba ingxaki ichongiwe kwaye unyango olusebenzayo lwenziwa, akukho mithintelo yokukhetha nawuphi na umsebenzi ovela kwiinkalo ezininzi.
Ukuhlalwa kweengcinga ezinjalo kuhlehlisa ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwesi sifo, oko kuyenzela kuphela imeko. Ekubeni ubunjani be-dyslexia buhluke kakhulu, iziganeko zesi sifo aziwa ngokuqinisekileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba kumazwe aseYurophu ukwanda kwe-dyslexia malunga ne-5%. Amakhwenkwe athathwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo nge-dyslexia ngaphezu kwamantombazana, ngokulingana kwamathathu ukuya kwelinye. Ukuxilongwa kwe-dyslexia kungenziwa emva kweembali zeemvavanyo. Ukufumanisa kwangaphambili imeko, kunye nokuqaliswa kweenkqubo zoqeqesho ezizodwa kunokunceda uphuhliso jikelele lwabantwana abagulayo. Ukuphuculwa kancinci komntwana, nangona kukho iinzame ezijoliswe ekupheliseni umva kuyo nayiphi na indawo, kufuna udweliso lwe-dyslexia (okanye enye indlela yokufunda ubunzima). Lo mzekelo ubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba umntwana oqilileyo uyaphumelela ngokuthetha.
Uviwo
Umntwana okhutheleyo onokufunda ukubhala, ukubhala okanye ukwenza i-arithmetic, kwaye akakwazi ukulandela imiyalelo aze akhumbule oko kuye kwathethwa, kuya kuxhomekeke kuviwo. I-Dyslexia ayinxulumene kuphela neengxaki zokucula, ngoko umntwana akafanele ahlolwe kuphela kulezi zikhundla, kodwa nangokwezakhono zakhe zokuthetha, ubunqanaba beengcaphephe kunye nophuhliso lomzimba (ukuvalelwa, ukubona kunye neengqondo).
Uvavanyo lokufumana i-dyslexia
Izilingo zenyama aziqhelekanga ukuxilonga i-dyslexia, kodwa ziyakwazi ukulawula ezinye iimbangela zeengxaki zomntwana, ezifana nesifo sokufa kwesifo. Iimvavanyo zezenzo-zengqondo okanye zokuziphatha zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa nokuvavanya ukuphumelela kwonyango. Uvavanyo lwezakhono zokufunda lenzelwe ukufumanisa iipatheni kwimpazamo yomntwana. Uvavanyo luquka ukuqonda igama kunye nohlalutyo; ukuchaneka, ukuchaneka kunye nenqanaba lokuqaphela igama kwisahluko esicetywayo sesicatshulwa; iimvavanyo zokuqonda umbhalo obhaliweyo nokuphulaphula. Ukuqonda komntwana ngentsingiselo yamagama nokuqonda kwenkqubo yokufunda; ukuxilongwa kwe-dyslexia kufuneka kuquke nokuvavanywa koxanduva lokubonakalisa kunye nenkcazo.
Izakhono zokuqonda ziyahlaziywa ngokuvavanya amandla omntwana wokubiza izandi, ukwahlula amagama kwiibllabha kunye nokudibanisa izandi zibe ngamazwi anentsingiselo. Izakhono zoLwimi zibonisa ukukwazi komntwana ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ulwimi. Ukuvavanywa kwe "ingqiqo", (iimvavanyo zokukwazi ukuqonda - imemori, ingqwalasela kunye nokufikelela kwizigqibo) kuyimfuneko ekwenzeni ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo. Inkxalabo yolu vavanyo iquka ukululekwa kwengqondo kwengqondo, kuba iingxaki zokuziphatha zingabangela inkqubela ye-dyslexia. Nangona i-dyslexia iyinto yesifo, ukufumanisa kwayo kunye nokonyango yinkalo yemfundo. Abazali banokuba neengxaki zabo, kodwa kulula ukuba ootitshala bachonge abantwana abaneengxaki zokufunda. Naliphi na umntwana ongenayo ixesha esikolweni kufuneka ahlolwe ukuba anqume iimfuno zakhe zemfundo. Amaziko emfundo kufuneka akhokelwe yinkcazo ecacileyo, esemthethweni yeengcebiso kubantwana abanokukhubazeka ukufunda. Oku kuya kuvumela izikolo ukuba zithwale uxanduva lwemfundo ekhethekileyo yabantwana abanokukhubazeka ukufunda. Enye yezinto eziphambili kukubonakaliswa kwangaphambili kunye noviwo lwabantwana, okufuneka ukuba negalelo ekudalweni kwabo.
Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezizodwa
Abazali, ootitshala, ootitshala nabaququzeleli bezempilo bayabandakanyeka ekuboneni nasiphi na isifo sokuhlola esiza kufunwa ngumntwana. Isikolo ngasinye kufuneka sibe nomququzeleli wezidingo zemfundo ezizodwa, ezenza uphando lwabantwana abaneengxaki zokufunda esikolweni. Unokuqwalasela ingqalelo ulwazi olufunyenwe kwezinye iingcali, kuquka isikolo seengqondo kunye nesigqirha sesigqirha sesigqirha okanye umntu wezempilo. Isiphumo sophando lubonisa inkcazo yamandla kunye nobuthathaka bokuphuhliswa komntwana, okuya kwenza kube lula ukwenza isicwangciso soqeqesho lomntu ngamnye. Kwabaninzi abantwana, uphando kunye nokucwangciswa kwesicwangciso ngasinye singenziwa ngesiseko sesikolo, kungekho mfuneko yokususa umntwana ukusuka kwiklasi ephezulu. Abantwana abancinci kuphela abaneemfuno ezizodwa ezingenako ukuhlangabezana nezixhobo zesikolo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, imfundo yomntwana idluliselwa kwiziko elizodwa.
Injongo yokuxilonga ayiyinkqubo enjalo, kodwa uyilo lwenkqubo ekhethekileyo yoqeqesho. Isizathu sesifo kwiimeko ezininzi aziwa, ngoko akukho zindlela zonyango lweyeza. Abantwana abane-dyslexia badinga indlela yokuguquguquka ekufundeni nasekusebenziseni iindlela ezifana ne:
- ukuqeqesha ngokuthe ngqo izakhono ezivakalayo (ukuqonda izandi kunye nencazelo yomyalelo wabo ngamazwi), kunye nokuhlaziya nokuhlaziya amagama;
- uncedo ekufumaneni izakhono zolwimi kunye nezakhono zokufunda nokubhala;
- uncedo ekuhleleni nasekulungiseni ulwimi olubhaliweyo;
- uncedo ekusebenziseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano.
Abantu abane-dyslexia bafunda ukulungelelanisa imeko yabo ukuya kumlinganiselo omkhulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokuxhomekeke kwimpawu zobuntu kunye nenkxaso abayifumana ekhaya nasezikolweni. Nangona ukuba i-dyslexia yinkinga yobomi, ezininzi i-dyslexics zinezakhono zokufunda ezisebenzayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zifikelela ekufundeni ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuqaphela kwangaphambili kwesi sifo kunye nokubonelela ngoqeqesho olongezelelweyo olufunekayo, i-dyslexics ingafunda ukufunda nokubhala kwinqanaba elifanayo kunye neontanga zabo, kodwa ezi zakhono ziya kubanika ubunzima. Naliphina ukulibaziseka ekuhloleni ukuxilisa uphuhliso olwaneleyo lomntwana kwaye kuncitshiswe amathuba okuba abe ilungu elipheleleyo elihlala kuluntu kwikamva elikude. Ngoku uyazi ukuba yintoni inqubo yokufumanisa kwangaphambili i-dyslexia.